Articles by Subject

Computer technology

Virtual Reality and 3D Modelling

2024 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Data management and reconstruction of funerary landscape in pre-Roman necropolises between Este and Padova

Giovanna Gambacurta, Federico Bernardini, Fiorenza Bortolami, Martina Vanessa Filannino, Cecilia Moscardo, Angela Ruta Serafini

Abstract

The results of two distinct projects on two pre-Roman funerary areas are presented: the eastern necropolis of Padova between via Tiepolo and via S. Massimo (excavations 1990-1991), and the northern necropolis of Este in the area of Casa di Ricovero (excavations 1983-1993). The first project focused on building of a geodatabase to manage and archive documentation data, as well as to consciously plan resources allocation and research steps. The second project, on the other hand, focused on 3D reconstructions of two burial mounds in a BIM environment, with both research and dissemination aims. Therefore, it was possible to experiment with the limits, potential, and effectiveness of this method in an unusual archaeological context, characterised by monuments built mainly with perishable materials and lacking architectural structures.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2024, 35.1, 117-134; doi: 10.19282/ac.35.1.2024.09

2024 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Tecniche di modellazione 3D per una documentazione accurata delle incisioni rupestri: confronto tra Structure from Motion e stereofotometria

Fabio Cavulli, Carla Mannu, Massimo Vanzi, Michele Mazzurana

Abstract

3D modelling represents a fundamental survey technique to represent archaeological evidence. It is particularly important to draw and analyse engravings because it is more descriptive and, somehow, objective than traditional drawings, which result interpretative and not replicable, becoming a debatable and often controversial matter. A technique able to verify the overlaying of signs is essential to establish the relative sequence, thus the chronology of engravings. However, there are several techniques and they provide different results. The paper tries to empirically compare SfM and PS methods to understand how they work on surface representation and which are their specificities in a difficult context such as the Pianaura engravings. The aim of the paper is to verify the accuracy of the techniques. Three paths are pursued: the first analyses pure quantitative data, such as counting the number of points or faces built and so on; the second aims to verify quantitatively distortions by geometric measurements analysis; the third is a visual quality test, which focuses on users’ perception of 3D models. It can be concluded that the distinct fields of application and the diverse purposes of the research enhance the different specificities of the two techniques.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2024, 35.1, 349-368; doi: 10.19282/ac.35.1.2024.22

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Application of integrated 3D survey technologies in an Etruscan necropolis: the case of Sasso Pinzuto (Tuscania, VT)

Alessandro Naso, Rodolfo Brancato, Martina Zinni, Simone Amici

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to present the results of the research undertaken through a series of on-site surveys (2021-2023) at the Sasso Pinzuto site, located approximately 1 km SE of Tuscania (Viterbo, Italy). Situated along the eastern side of the Marta river valley, the necropolis layout is little known but it is extensive, including ca. 100 rock-cut chamber tombs. The 2021-22 archaeological campaigns started with a new topographical survey of the site and investigated two areas conventionally defined the Northern and the Southern Area. In the Northern Area, specifically within the vicinity of Tumulus 1, fragments of mould-decorated architectural plaques from a building discovered. In the Southern Area, a small plateau about 90 m from the Northern Area, four burial graves (n. 126, 127, 128, 130) and two chamber tombs (125 and 129) were excavated. This study sheds light to the great potential of applying digital technologies for a new understanding of the Etruscan tombs. Indeed, by using various non-destructive prospecting methods (aerial photogrammetry, fieldwalking survey, architectural drawings), coupled with precise location using RTK GNSS, and integration of legacy data in GIS, the site underwent a comprehensive reexamination.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2024, 35.1, 389-406; doi: 10.19282/ac.35.1.2024.24

2024 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Dalla replica digitale alla modellazione informativa. Un approccio scan-to-BIM alla documentazione del microscavo e restauro della tomba 27 di Colle Vaccaro (AP)

Sofia Cingolani, Paolo Clini, Ramona Quattrini, Renato Angeloni, Francesca Angelo, Livia Sforzini, Antonella di Giovanni, Roberta Bollati

Abstract

The widespread integration of digital technologies in the field of archaeology, facilitated by increasingly powerful and economically accessible tools, is producing a profound transformation in the conventional methodologies employed by archaeologists. This contribution specifically delves into the documentation of excavation phases and artifacts, presenting a workflow tested on the tomb 27 of the Colle Vaccaro necropolis (AP) within the educational project managed by the Istituto Centrale del Restauro (ICR). The digital representation of distinct layers and artifacts, developed together with with micro-excavation and restoration operations, serves as a tool for real-time analysis and documentation. Crucially, it acts as a foundational element for constructing an information system geared towards subsequent and more comprehensive historical-archaeological analyses. The outcome of this contribution is the formulation of a semi-automatic process designed to ensure a geometrically accurate and informed three-dimensional representation. This workflow for documenting an excavation and its artifacts is designed to facilitate efficient data utilization both for scholars and professionals.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2024, 35.1, 407-426; doi: 10.19282/ac.35.1.2024.25

2024 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

BIM e archeologia: i casi studio degli anfiteatri romani di Verona e Pola

Luca Doria, Caterina Previato

Abstract

In recent years, the experience gained in the field of historical built heritage has led scholars to propose Building Information Modeling as a new approach to archaeological research, fostering the birth and development of a new method to be ascribed to the vast family of BIM processes: ArchaeoBIM. What are the advantages and limitations of this technique? What specific skills does it require? What is its value in terms of costs and benefits? What difficulties does it present? To what results does it lead? The following contribution aims to answer these questions and to analyse the potential, advantages and limits of this particular field of application of BIM through the presentation of two case studies, namely the Roman amphitheatres of Verona and Pula, for each of which a BIM model has been created based on data obtained through traditional archaeological research methods. To this end, after an excursus on the genesis and development of BIM and its application to contexts belonging to the historical built environment and archaeology, the workflow followed, the tools used, the difficulties encountered and the results obtained will be illustrated for each case study.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2024, 35.1, 427-445; doi: 10.19282/ac.35.1.2024.26

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Un Virtual Immersive movie per la fruizione del patrimonio archeologico: il viaggio nella “Tomba della Regina” di Sirolo-Numana

Paolo Clini, Renato Angeloni, Mirco D’Alessio, Giacomo Bardelli, Stefano Finocchi

Abstract

The paper presents a workflow aimed at documenting, disseminating, and making archaeological heritage more accessible. To preserve scientific rigour and data accuracy, also providing an emotional experience to the audience, the entire process was carried out through the collaborative efforts of three professionals: the archaeologist, the digitization expert, and the entertainment industry professional. The case study is a pre-Roman necropolis located in the “I Pini” archaeological area (Marche Region, Italy). The site presents several circular burials, one of which belongs to a female figure known as the “Queen”, which became the central focus of the narrative. The first working step was the digital documentation of a selection of the findings from the “Queen’s” tomb, currently displayed at the Antiquarium Statale of Numana, followed by the virtual reconstruction of the burial. Then, the obtained 3D models were used to generate a Virtual Immersive Movie (VIM) which allows visitors to immerse themselves in the virtual reconstruction and interact with the archaeological findings using a Head-mounted Display. The evaluation of the user experience proved the effectiveness of the VIM. The scores obtained from the questionnaire will also serve as inspiration for further enhancements, aiming to deliver a more interactive and improved educational experience.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2024, 35.1, 473-490; doi: 10.19282/ac.35.1.2024.28

2024 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Harmonizing photogrammetric approaches for Cultural Heritage preservation: a methodological framework and comparative analysis

Vittorio Lauro

Abstract

This study addresses the standardization of methodologies and data formats used in photogrammetric projects related to archaeology. The application of photogrammetry in recording and safeguarding cultural artifacts proves invaluable in various domains. However, the lack of a standardized method makes effective sharing of experiences and knowledge among practitioners difficult. This paper presents a methodological framework for photogrammetric data acquisition in the context of cultural heritage. This framework transcends the constraint of specific technical tools, embracing instead a level of abstraction consistent with the general principles of the Digital Data Curation paradigm and ontological encoding through the CIDOC-CRM model. Eventually, we provide a comparison between the FOPPA protocol with other three main acquisition protocols in order to test the interlingua that can enhance the communication between protocols. The overall goal of our research is to support systematic and methodical structured acquisition path, as well as systematic classification of metadata, facilitating the effective implementation of the methodology in new projects and promoting effective communication among existing projects.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2024, 35.2, 85-96; doi: 10.19282/ac.35.2.2024.10

2024 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Metaverse and ‘the Italian job’: closed and open models of virtual worlds in Cultural Heritage domain

Augusto Palombini

Abstract

After the initial enthusiasm for a hypothetical explosion of the metaverse phenomenon, which then waned, a careful analysis can reveal a possible dual model in the planning of this technology. On one hand, a closed, basically monopolistic, approach aimed at market concentration, and on the other a fragmented approach, starting from the bottom, consisting of small interoperating entities. This second model, in recent years, characterized in Italy a series of metaverse initiatives linked to the enhancement of Cultural Heritage and seems to be the most promising at the moment, provided that the longstanding issue of reproduction rights of the Heritage itself is addressed and resolved, preferably with an open approach: a crucial issue in the new digital scenarios.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2024, 35.2, 129-135; doi: 10.19282/ac.35.2.2024.14

2024 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

The Abade Artificial Archaeological Site Project

Diogo Menezes Costa

Abstract

The Abade Artificial Archaeological Site Project (AAASP) employed computer simulations to recreate a 19th -century Brazilian mining village that was destroyed in an environmental conflict. The simulations integrate laser scans of ruins, 3D modeling, historical data, and material evidence to reconstruct the site in a virtual environment accurately. After researching 31 simulation programs, the project utilized AnyLogic software (https://www.anylogic.com/) for the final phase. One base model was the ‘Serial Killers’ simulation in AnyLogic, modeling criminal behavior in an urban setting. This laid the groundwork for the more extensive historically accurate ‘Abade 10’ simulation, precisely replicating the Lavras do Abade conflict within set parameters. The ‘Abade 10’ model incorporates system dynamics, agent behaviors, connections, and an experiment simulating the 3-day conflict timeline in 1887. Preliminary findings indicate all victim agents were fatally assaulted within 30 minutes in the simulations, aligning with historical records of intermittent attacks before the village’s destruction. Upon completion, the AAASP aims to be an open repository that allows other researchers to validate, adjust, and enhance the model with new data. The project demonstrates the potential of virtual archaeology to test hypotheses, plan fieldwork, share models globally, and inspire public engagement by immersing users in accurate ancient environments.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2024, 35.2, 137-146; doi: 10.19282/ac.35.2.2024.15

2024 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Virtual recreation as a valid scientific representation for raising public awareness

Pablo Sicre-González, José Ortiz-García

Abstract

Virtual Archaeology is a developing scientific discipline that seeks to open windows into the past. Born from the ‘Seville Principles’, it is a powerful tool in the virtualisation of heritage, promoting a multidisciplinary approach and overcoming professional individualism. A case study is presented on the virtual recreation of the Roman city of Épora in Montoro (Córdoba, Spain) using historical-archaeological and literary data. Virtual reconstruction differs from virtual recreation in its focus on the physical representation of archaeological elements, while virtual recreation focuses on the visual recovery of the past of a specific archaeological site or context, which is not fully or partially confirmed. The study shows how Virtual Archaeology tools and protocols can be improved and highlights the need for specific forums to collectively discuss and improve the discipline.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2024, 35.2, 147-156; doi: 10.19282/ac.35.2.2024.16

2024 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

An open look to the past: virtual and immersive approach to study inquisitorial Autos de Fe in colonial Mexico and Guatemala

Antonio Rodríguez Alcalá, John F. Chuchiak IV, Zoraida Raimúndez Ares, Maria Felicia Rega, Luis Díaz de León, Hans B. Erickson

Abstract

Virtual Reality is one of the tools that has become widely used in recent years, in the field of cultural heritage. This tool has proven to be particularly valuable, especially for approaching intangible cultural heritage. Using free and open source software for 3D modeling and animation, such as Blender and Unreal Engine, the international research group, Praeteritas Urbes, focused on the reconstruction of historical events such as the inquisitions many Autos de Fe, which had a significant impact on the colonial history of Central America. In this paper, we will present the results of two different projects: ‘The Great Auto de Fe of Guatemala’, which took place in Santiago de Guatemala in 1554, and ‘The Auto de Fe of Maní’ (Yucatán, Mexico), which occurred in 1562. In both cases, our objective was to make simulations of these two events known and accessible to the public, using a precise methodology, following the scale of evidence, and adhering to the standards established in the Principles of Seville codified in 2017.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2024, 35.2, 157-166; doi: 10.19282/ac.35.2.2024.17

2024 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Extended Matrix Manager: an open tool for EM based knowledge graphs management

Simone Berto, Emanuel Demetrescu, Enzo Cocca

Abstract

The following contribution aims at presenting a new free and open source software, EM Manager, created to assist archaeologists at approaching virtual reconstruction projects with the Extended Matrix (method developed at the Digital Heritage Innovation Lab - DHILab - of the CNR-ISPC of Rome). EM Manager is a free and open source standalone software, already available on GitHub, that allows to convert a table into an Extended Matrix. The software represents a remarkable update of the Extended Matrix Framework and, due to its features, it will expand the user base, since it helps EM users to cover one, or more, of the ‘7 key roles’ considered by the Extended Matrix method. In addition, the fact that EM Manager is Python based ensures the possibility for future implementation with other platforms (such as QGIS and Blender) based on the same language.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2024, 35.2, 167-176; doi: 10.19282/ac.35.2.2024.18

2024 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Extended Matrix Narratives: teaching and engaging through the past

Paola Frigerio, Caterina Previato, Emanuel Demetrescu

Abstract

Digital reconstructions for valorization projects are becoming increasingly popular and the creation of narratives that catches the user’s attention and instigates their curiosity is the key to edutainment. However, as shown by interviews and related work, there is still a lack of a working methodology for a balanced and fruitful collaboration between academia and creative industries. Even though this work is still in its early stages, in this paper we propose a methodology for bridging the gap between academia and creative industries through the development of the Extended Matrix Narratives (EMN) tool. It allows academics and creative people to construct narratives, characters, dialogues, and scenes in a schematic way, helping to ensure that the virtual reconstruction is both accurate and engaging for the target audience. The main step is to compile a dossier documentative, a collection of all the information that may be necessary for the creation of context, setting, narrative, or characters. This document provides a solid scientific basis for the final product and helps to direct the creative team. The result is a narrative that is both accurate and engaging, and that can be used for a variety of purposes, such as education, entertainment, and cultural heritage preservation.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2024, 35.2, 177-186; doi: 10.19282/ac.35.2.2024.19

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Reviving the past: utilizing the Extended Matrix tool for Deacon Thomas Dayr virtual reconstruction

Sara Fabbri

Abstract

The use of the Extended Matrix in the planning of the Mount Nebo virtual archaeological park allows for the creation of virtual models. The models facilitate the rediscovery and understanding of sites in the surroundings of the Moses Memorial on Mount Nebo that are difficult for tourists to access, ensuring the virtual preservation and memory of these sites. The use of the Extended Matrix as the basis for virtual reconstructions guarantees a philologically correct reconstruction based on reliable sources. The possibility of verifying the sources used and the reconstructive process of the author, at any time, ensures a transparent reconstruction. Sharing this data also makes it possible to have access to large databases that can be implemented and modified over time to keep them up to date.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2024, 35.2, 187-196; doi: 10.19282/ac.35.2.2024.20

2024 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Digital twins of archaeological finds: open source technologies applied to 3D scanning

Luca Bezzi, Alessandro Bezzi, Rupert Gietl, Cicero Moraes, Giuseppe Naponiello, Sara Airò, Andreas Putzer, Elena Silvestri

Abstract

This article aims to analyze the complex issue of 3D documentation of archaeological artifacts under different viewpoints: from potential technologies to current methodological limitations, in light of the obtained results. These results will be described based on direct experiences derived from specific archaeological projects, whose primary aim was indeed the creation of digital replicas of selected artifacts. Among the institutions involved in such projects are the MArTA (Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Taranto), the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology, and the UMST (Unit. di Missione Strategica) of the Soprintendenza per i Beni e le Attività Culturali of the Autonomous Province of Trento (PAT).

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2024, 35.2, 203-214; doi: 10.19282/ac.35.2.2024.22

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Non-invasive methodologies for the study of mineralised textile traces in Iron Age contexts

Emanuela Faresin, Vanessa Baratella, Margarita Gleba

Abstract

This study presents the preliminary results of a non-invasive analysis of bronze fragments from the site of Buttrio (Udine). The analysed sample belongs to a bronze situla dating to the second half of the 7 th century BC, currently preserved in the Archaeological Museum of Udine. These fragments are characterised by the presence of mineralised traces of textiles, which are relatively rare finds in this period but provide important information about the perishable materials, which represented one the most important and time-consuming economic activities of the past. The aim is to identify the fibres used in the production of the textiles, understand the manufacturing processes employed, and explore the nature of the archaeological context. The textile traces were analysed using standard analytical procedures to determine the main structural parameters, including weave type, thread

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2024, 35.2, 215-224; doi: 10.19282/ac.35.2.2024.23

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Data extraction from 3D scanning: post-processing filtering for analytic and informative models of small archaeological finds

Filippo Diara

Abstract

Actual 3D scanners based on the structured-light principle are opening to possibilities for creating detailed models (polygon populations) with micrometric resolutions. Consequently, highly detailed models allow specific investigations. This work focuses on 3D scanning and post-processing analysis/filtering of Ancient Near East finds, especially seals and cuneiform clay tablets, fragile artefacts that can hold a lot of semantic information beyond transliteration: e.g. seal impressions (figurative and textual sealings), fingerprint evidence, retracing and erased text. Behind the ease of use of portable structured-light scanners, hides the enormous potential for feature extraction and processing. Metric analysis (e.g. deviation analysis) coupled with the application of MSII (Multi-Scale Integral Invariant) filter enhance data extraction, changing the overall perception on details of the archaeological artefact.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2024, 35.2, 225-234; doi: 10.19282/ac.35.2.2024.24

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Scansioni 3D di piccoli reperti per il progetto ArCOA (Archivi e Collezioni dell’Oriente Antico)

Daniele Bursich

Abstract

ArCOA is a project aimed at the study, enhancement and communication of museum collections and historical archives on the ancient Near East in Italy. ArCOA was born from the collaboration between the University of Milan and the Institute of Heritage Science of the National Research Council, with a multidisciplinary working group of archaeologists, assyriologists, museum curators, cultural mediators and experts of technology applied to cultural heritage. The ArCOA team collaborates with several museums, public institutions and universities, including the Archaeological Museum of Como, the National Archaeological Museum of Florence, the Department of Historical Studies of the University of Turin and the Museum of Antiquities of the Royal Museums of Turin, for the diffusion of knowledge of the ancient cultures of the Near East. This paper shows the results obtained on photogrammetric scans of small terracotta head and its reprocessing through different programs, its morphological and geometric rendering. Even if today open source photogrammetric programs seem to be almost absent from academic researchs because non-commercial alternatives are not very competitive, much is moving instead in the freeware direction, with regulated conditions of use for universities and research centres, such as for example the latest version of Reality Capture or Metashape. Furthermore, the acquisition processes vary greatly in relation to the size of the object, which can force the operator to think in terms of micro-surveys.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2024, 35.2, 235-244; doi: 10.19282/ac.35.2.2024.25

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Simplifying contextualization of 3D model archives in webGIS: 3DModelCommons

Marco Montanari, Lucia Marsicano

Abstract

This paper presents a transformative approach that allows for the utilization of existing 3D models from diverse sources within a geographic context. It introduces the concept of external metadata, which describes these models, making them searchable, accessible, and seamlessly intergrated in webGIS environments using Three.js and MapLibre GL. This paper addresses the demand for the reuse of three-dimensional data representation in the geospatial domain and acknowledges the wealth of 3D models available from various sources. By introducing a standardized metadata schema, it establishes a structured framework for the incorporation of these models into webGIS systems. A central theme of this work is the development of a metadata standard that acts as a bridge between 3D models and webGIS environments granting it all information that can be used to correctly locate, scale and orient the models. It enables efficient searching, rendering, and utilization of these models within geographic contexts. Leveraging MapLibre GL JS and Three.js, the paper showcases how external metadata can significantly enhance the integration of 3D models into webGIS, thereby fostering a more versatile and comprehensive geospatial data exploration experience.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2024, 35.2, 255-262; doi: 10.19282/ac.35.2.2024.27

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Landscape visualisation and modelling

Margherita Azzari, Paolo Liverani

Abstract

The contribution draws on the experience gained within the Rome Transformed project on the Eastern Caelian hill, reserving a with more general attention to problems of method. The spatial dimensions of the project pose problems including – but at the same time going beyond – those normally addressed for the visualization of individual surveyed structures. Two points seem crucial: 1) the transparency of metadata and paradata; 2) the tension between too much or too little prescriptive models or ontologies. Visualizing a territory poses peculiar problems; we have several examples in the past, but normally the reconstruction of ancient orography on which to place surveyed structures is not explicitly thematized. The territory imposes a leap in scale in the size and management of the data; forms the palimpsest on which to arrange the views of the individual sectors or structures into which it is divided; defines the ‘conditions of existence’ of topographical and monumental articulation; must consider the effects that older phases impose on later ones. Visualization of a territory is not only a way to present to the scientific community and the wider public in a concise manner the results achieved. Such an approach poses the need to work in an environment in which it is possible to progressively incorporate evidence of a very heterogeneous nature such as archival data, geognostic surveys of different types, surveys using traditional techniques or 3D scanning, and core drilling. The organisation of such heterogeneous data within a single software becomes essential for their subsequent processing. It was therefore necessary to design an application able to manage in a single three-dimensional environment the data produced while maintaining the associated information (metadata and paradigms) in order to allow them to be compared and at the same time guaranteeing full interoperability with the GIS environments in which the modelling activity is carried out.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2024, 35.2, 277-284; doi: 10.19282/ac.35.2.2024.30

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Old data, old methodology and new research. A case study of legacy data integration from the Cestrine Region, Epirus

Julian Bogdani, Domizia D’Erasmo

Abstract

In the context of the joint archaeological project in Çuka e Ajtoit (Albania) by Sapienza University of Rome and the Albanian Institute for Archaeology, new archaeological field research is being conducted in the Southern fringes of the Albanian territory. The area of interest extends from the site of Butrint (UNESCO Heritage site) to the Albano-Greek border, and corresponds to ancient Cestrine, renowned in the literary sources for its pastoral resources and Trojan connections. The study integrates the freshly acquired information collected during the field campaigns, characterized by a high degree of technological innovation, with old research data poorly published up to present. This paper concerns the photogrammetric processing of historical aerial imagery acquired for mapping purposes by the Italian Military Geographical Institute (IGMI) in the 1930s, during the war context of the invasion of Albania by Fascist Italy. The process resulted in the creation of a DTM and an orthomosaic by using SfM algorithms and GNSS topographical surveys, representing the shape of the landscape of the late 1930s, i.e., before the realization of extensive land reclamation programs by the socialist regime that have determined the radical changes of the current landscape.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2024, 35.2, 323-332; doi: 10.19282/ac.35.2.2024.34

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Evaluation of SfM and LiDAR technology for mapping inscribed artifacts. Preliminary observations starting from the research project ‘Ravenna and Its Late Antique and Medieval Epigraphic Landscape’

Claudia Lamanna

Abstract

Focusing on Late Antique epigraphic and architectural artifacts preserved in Italian and Greek contexts – starting from the research project ‘Ravenna and its Late Antique and Medieval Epigraphic Landscape’ – this study assesses the effectiveness of Structure from Motion (SfM) and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) in generating 3D models suitable for sharing as open data within digital collections. The analysis compares the speed and accessibility of SfM and LiDAR in producing reconstructions, as well as their precision in capturing engravings and decorations. In fact, the research project on Epigraphy from Ravenna, under the guidance of Prof. S. Cosentino at the Department of Cultural Heritage of the Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, aims to digitize inscriptions in Ravenna spanning from 402 to 1441. A key project objective is to establish a digital platform that

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2024, 35.2, 411-420; doi: 10.19282/ac.35.2.2024.43

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3D LiDAR modeling with iPhone Pro in an archaeo-spelaeologic context. Results and prospects

Daniele De Simone, Graziano William Ferrari

Abstract

For some years now, both in the archaeological and speleological fields, experiments have been carried out with portable MLS (Mobile Laser Scanner) or HMLS (Hand-held Mobile Laser Scanner) scanners that use LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology. This choice is due to their basic characteristics such as ease of use, reliability, efficiency and (a fact not to be underestimated) low costs compared to traditional indirect survey systems. These characteristics have made these tools extremely popular, especially since this technology can be used by owners of Apple devices, which has made it available for its tablets and smartphones, thanks to the ever-increasing sensor miniaturization. On the basis of some encouraging data presented in an archaeometry paper (Fiorini 2022) and from direct experiences in various underground sites proposed by several Italian caving groups, the authors have decided to test the device performance in the context of exploration and research on artificial cavities in the archaeological field which, very often, due to size and constraints, do not allow the use of other devices. Through the presentation of some case studies, it was possible to show the advantages and the limitations in the use of this technique in the archaeo-spelaeological field.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2024, 35.2, 421-430; doi: 10.19282/ac.35.2.2024.44

2023 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Operative tools for BIM in archaeology: libraries of archaeological parametric IFC objects

Laura Carpentiero, Dora D’Auria

Abstract

Building Information Modeling is the most consolidated work method for engineering design of buildings and infrastructural works. It allows to create a comprehensive database starting from a 3D model of a building. Its use in archaeology permits to test and transform a working method, born for engineering design, in an operational support for archaeologists during and after the field phase. Our contribution focuses on the application of BIM to archaeological evidence. It presents the initial stages of a research project, whose aim is the definition of operational solutions for the creation of BIM models. To implement, on a scientific basis, the BIM methodology and make the modelling of archaeological structures easier, a model of semantic library, based on Pompeian archaeological evidence, has been created. The BIM contains archeological objects that can be reproduced and possibly modified for other projects. They represent a support to share on a large scale the representation in BIM. All archaeological library’s objects can be exported in the IFC format. This format can be opened and edited by all BIM software and worked on all OS; the export of archaeological objects in IFC format leads BIM closer to the FOSS world.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2023, 34.1, 69-76; doi: 10.19282/ac.34.1.2023.08

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ArchaeoBIM ed Extended Matrix. Analisi e potenzialità di due processi per l’elaborazione di modelli informativi

Giacomo Mancuso

Abstract

The article systematically explores two processes of virtual reconstruction of archaeological contexts: ArchaeoBIM and Extended Matrix. The focus is on the theoretical frameworks behind their development, the proposed operational processes, and the products derived from both methodologies. The informative potential of the virtual models resulting from these reconstruction processes will be discussed, as well as the application-related issues. A substantial part of the article will be dedicated to the development of an integrative protocol aimed at incorporating the informational structure of the Extended Matrix within an ArchaeoBIM model. The process has been applied to the case study of House 1 in Regio IV, Insula 2 of the Etruscan city of Marzabotto, which was excavated in recent years (1988-1998) and thoroughly documented. Final considerations are then directed towards future development prospects and the integration of this virtual product within a Geographic Information System.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2023, 34.2, 123-142; doi: 10.19282/ac.34.2.2023.07

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The Domus of the Calendar: a qualitative comparison analysis of digital data obtained from 3D laser scanners, SfM methodologies and portable devices

Alfonso Ippolito, Claudia Palmadessa, Mahsa Nousrati Kordkandi, Juan Camilo Arias Tapiero

Abstract

Data acquisition digital methodologies have become a reliable tool for surveying buildings with heritage values. Laser scanning has become the preferred method for performing 3D digital surveys because of its high accurate results; even though, the cost associated with it is usually high. Emerging technologies have been able to produce low-cost data acquisition methods, and they are currently being incorporated as part of digital survey projects. Using the ‘Domus of the Calendar’ as a case study – an exceptionally unique archaeological and architectural site that was incorporated to the structural foundation system of the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore – the present investigation aims to evaluate the data quality of two low-cost emerging technologies, namely SfM (Structure from Motion) and the iPad LiDAR system. This evaluation was developed by comparing low-cost technologies data acquisition capabilities with those of the laser scanner. The data for this test was obtained during an integrated survey campaign aimed at executing a critical analysis of the many historical layers of the Santa Maria Maggiore basilica. The results obtained from this investigation highlights the reliability of the different techniques implemented and suggest a useful solution for different and recurrent multi-scalar contexts.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2023, 34.2, 247-262; doi: 10.19282/ac.34.2.2023.13

2023 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Photogrammetry for 3D representation of human remains from the necropolis KR-N1 in Dhofar (Southern Oman): digital technology applied to osteo-archaeological studies

Matteo Vangeli, Silvia Lischi, Gabriele Gattiglia, Filippo Sala

Abstract

The poorly preserved human bones discovered during the DHOMIAP Project excavation of the necropolis KR-N1 in the area of Khor Rori (Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman) were an opportunity to apply, for the first time in Dhofar’s pre-Islamic funerary contexts, 3D photogrammetry to osteo-archaeological studies. The low economic engagement and the execution speed make this technique essential in the documentation of barely accessible archaeological remains and contexts, as already witnessed by previous studies conducted outside this research area. This paper aims to find a more appropriate method and setting for 3D model photogrammetric reconstruction of human remains, demonstrating the importance of this digital technology for the study of poorly preserved osteo-archaeological remains. For these purposes, the results obtained using two different settings for image acquisition (one with macro and one with standard lens) were compared and discussed.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2023, 34.2, 263-276; doi: 10.19282/ac.34.2.2023.14

2023 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

A statue of Athena in the sanctuary of Apollo in Hierapolis (Phrygia): from the fragments to the 3D reconstruction

Grazia Semeraro, Katia Mannino, Vincenzo Ria

Abstract

In 2005-2006 the excavations in the Sanctuary of Apollo conducted by the Italian Archaeological Mission in Hierapolis in Phrygia (MAIER) brought to light about sixty fragments of a larger-than-life marble statue of Athena. This paper presents the discovery, highlighting the role played in the research by digital technologies, especially 3D modelling and reconstruction techniques, the application of which mitigated the highly fragmentary nature of the evidence. The first section of the paper highlights the importance of the context of discovery of the fragments, which were found, together with other sculptural and architectural elements, in front of Temple B, in a deposit of discarded material related to the destruction in situ of part of the sanctuary’s decorations in the Byzantine period. The second section describes the plan drawn up by the MAIER to publish a comprehensive scientific description of the sculptures of the Sanctuary of Apollo. The project aims to reconstruct the sculptural decoration of the sacred area in the Imperial period, combining information on the types of statuary and the iconographic subjects and themes with excavation data and the epigraphical documentation from the sacred area. The project includes the study of the statue of Athena, for which this paper provides the description and the results of the historic and artistic analyses. The final section is centered on the process that led from the creation of the digital model to the virtual reconstruction of the statue of Athena and, lastly, to the 3D printing of the reconstructive hypothesis. Digital models were created for many of the sculpture fragments of the Sanctuary of Apollo. Saved in a database designed to store data on the sculptures, these models facilitate the study of the documentation and have proved to be extremely useful for the dissemination of the finds to the public, especially in problematic situations that limit or impede access to the evidence, as was the case during the Covid-19 pandemic.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2023, 34.2, 297-316; doi: 10.19282/ac.34.2.2023.16

2023 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Metodologie integrate per lo studio e la ricostruzione della quadriga bronzea di Ercolano nel Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli

Stefania Pafumi, Francesco Gabellone, Fabiana Cerasa

Abstract

The bronze quadriga of the National Archaeological Museum of Naples, recovered in fragments at different times in the history of the Herculaneum excavations, represent a case study of interdisciplinary importance. Its reconstruction has never been attempted so far, due to the many factors of uncertainty that weigh on its knowledge. A new study, reconstruction and enhancement project was launched in 2020-2021 by the CNR-ISMed in cooperation with the National Archaeological Museum of Naples with the aim of producing new scientific knowledge and restoring the beauty and uniqueness of the recomposed original monument to public use. The interpretative problems related to the quadriga are numerous, complex and, concerning archaeology and its methods, they span from the study of sources and excavations records to in-depth knowledge of Roman statuary, casting techniques and the iconographic and stylistic characteristics of Roman bronzes. In this scenario, the application of methodologies and technologies combined with traditional investigations represents an innovative integrated method. Thanks to the digital verification of hypotheses, it can produce, on solid scientific bases, a virtual reconstruction of the investigated monument. This not only makes the costs for scientific research more sustainable, but enables restoration work to be directed by optimising time and resources.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2023, 34.2, 317-338; doi: 10.19282/ac.34.2.2023.17

2023 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Sustainability of 3D heritage data: life cycle and impact

Matteo Lombardi

Abstract

In recent years, the exploit of 3D data use in Archaeology and the Cultural Heritage sector in general has caused an exponential multiplication of digital content that can be viewed on the web. Nevertheless, web platforms can display a concerning dualism: on one side some contents are over-represented with the same models uploaded dozens of times even inside the same platform; on the other, the inaccessibility or absence of proper 3D documentation for certain datasets limits the usefulness of the resources. As a result of substantial funding received (mostly from public institutions) and the volume of data produced by each digitization project, the final impacts on the broader scientific community remain limited. Starting from the analysis of data published about EU-funded projects by the European Union Commission on the platform CORDIS, this research approaches the delicate issue of the unsustainability of the current 3D data life cycle. The analysis of 110 selected projects revealed a disturbing pattern: even though the EU provided funds for many projects that approached in different ways 3D data diffusion or sharing, currently only 8 of them made the data accessible.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2023, 34.2, 339-356; doi: 10.19282/ac.34.2.2023.18

2022 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Strumenti per la comunicazione e la conservazione della documentazione del patrimonio archeologico: il complesso di Villa Adriana (Tivoli, RM) e il sito archeologico di Masada (Israele)

Stefano Bertocci

Abstract

Today we are able to produce a considerable amount of information in relation to heritage documentation thanks to the opportunities offered by remote sensing in all its aspects, from 3D laser scanner survey to the latest generation of photogrammetry. However, the remarkable ability to acquire data is not matched by methods of management, conservation and the possibility of using the generated databases at various levels. In the scientific area, not only visual techniques are experimented but also multisensory applications aimed at creating ‘intelligent’ digital models. In this work, some recent experiences carried out in the specific field of 3D digital survey documentation on sites of great archaeological interest are presented, such as Hadrian’s Villa in Tivoli, near Rome, and the Masada fortress in Israel.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2022, 33.1, 259-278; doi: 10.19282/ac.33.1.2022.14

2022 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

La digitalizzazione per la documentazione, lo studio e la fruizione di un sito archeologico. La VR experience del teatro di Ricina

Paolo Clini, Renato Angeloni, Mirco D’Alessio, Roberto Perna, David Sforzini

Abstract

This paper presents a workflow developed thanks to the collaboration between archae- ologists and engineers, aimed at the documentation, representation and virtual fruition of an archaeological site. The purpose is to exploit the data acquired through digital solutions and the consequent elaboration of a reality 3D model to support archaeological studies and to effectively disseminate their results. The presented case study is the Roman Theatre of Ricina (Villa Potenza, MC). The building has preserved much of its masonry, but it is very different from that which could be appreciated by the audience of theatrical performances in Roman times. The work has been developed according to three steps: 1) digital documentation of the site and elaboration of a reality-based 3D model; 2) study of the archaeological finds thanks to the reality-based 3D model and design of a possible reconstruction, represented through a second 3D model elaborated by anastylosis; 3) development of a Virtual Reality environment for the fruition and the interaction with the two 3D models. The final output is therefore an immersive VR application that offers the possibility to access to the theatre both in its current form and in the original one. An experience that is not limited to a simple visualization rather presenting itself as a guided tour across the centuries.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2022, 33.1, 279-296; doi: 10.19282/ac.33.1.2022.15

2022 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Researches at the Monte Abatone necropolis (Cerveteri)

Fernando Gilotta, Valentina Carafa, Giulia Morpurgo, Carmelo Rizzo, Alessandra Cirafici, Alessandra Avella, Pasquale Argenziano, Teresa Patriziano, Marina Micozzi, Federica Galiffa, Luca Lucchetti, Martin Bentz, Dennis Beck, Florian Birkner, Christian Briesack, Philippe Kluge, Lang Matthias, Alessandra Coen, Martina Zinni

Abstract

The Authors illustrate the ‘Monte Abatone Project’, focusing on the important necropolis South of the ancient city of Caere. The area in its archaeological and topographical features was not further studied since the geophysical campaigns (1957-1961) by the Lerici Foundation. The main focus is the large area around the Campana Tumulus, previously left unexplored in the large plan by the Lerici Foundation. Excavations in 2018-2021 on the South side of this area led, conversely, to discover a possible ‘family’ cluster of tombs, dating to at least between the early Orientalizing and the early/middle Archaic period: these tombs were of fossa, semi-constructed, single-chamber and C2 types. Also, further unknown sectors of the necropolis were found not far from this cluster, with a concentration of tombs of the early semi-constructed type (first half of VII cent. BCE), provided with small tumuli, ordered in two approximatively parallel rows and all oriented North-West. This suggests the existence of a planning by some form of ‘urban’ authority, at a time – beginning with the Early Orientalizing period − that marked a considerable acceleration in the economic growth of the city and its civil-political structure. The area West and North of the Campana Tumulus was also investigated, including surveying the edges of the plateau that led to the identification of tombs (VI-III cent. BCE) excavated in the past and partially backfilled, and terraces for funerary rites which are oriented, like the Tumulus, toward the city plateau. Extensive use of laser scanning and photogrammetry allowed to produce a model of the Monte Abatone plateau, a 3D model of both the Campana Tumulus, never surveyed since the first half of the nineteenth century, and other excavated tombs.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2022, 33.2, 135-152; doi: 10.19282/ac.33.2.2022.08

2022 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

From surfaces to volume: towards a volumetric reconstruction of the archaeological deposit

Giulio Poggi, Fabrizio Falchi, Luisa Russo, Mirko Buono

Abstract

3D recording methodologies have been successfully integrated into the archaeological fieldwork practice, resulting in a widely accepted series of advantages for the documentation of the excavation. However, post-processing analysis is often neglected and recording protocols do not consider possible developments for exploiting the potential of 3D data. At the excavation of Vetricella, in Italy, the ERC nEU-Med project developed a digital documentation protocol aimed at reconstructing the volumetric physical space occupied by each stratigraphic unit, generating more than a thousand contexts over the course of four archaeological seasons. In this contribution we are going to present how the volumetric approach has influenced the whole methodology of documentation since the recording stage, introducing a standardized workflow aimed at reconstructing solid geometries from 3D surfaces. In this protocol a great attention is paid to the strategies, timings and needs of the fieldwork practice, without overlooking important archaeological aspects such as data accuracy and the chance to generate data for more quick on-field interpretation. The final outcome is a new visualization and analysis of the space with the use of volumetric models, which results in greater accuracy in displaying physical and stratigraphic relationships, as well as generating volumetric quantitative data. In the end, some examples drawn from Vetricella will be employed to show how solid 3D geometries and volumetric quantities can be used in support of the archaeological interpretation of the site.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2022, 33.2, 197-214; doi: 10.19282/ac.33.2.2022.11

2022 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Archeologia funeraria e tecnologie digitali: la tomba del principe di Corinaldo dalla documentazione alla fruizione

Federica Boschi

Abstract

By retracing the main experiences carried out by digital archaeology on some well-known funerary contexts, the article presents the preliminary results of the ongoing 3D documentation in the necropolis of Corinaldo (Ancona) and on the tomb of a Picenian prince of the 7th century BC. The tomb was discovered thanks to the research carried out by the University of Bologna. The first activities focus on a program of enhancement and fruition of the important context, within an ongoing procedure of preliminary excavations in the vicinity of the site that will lead to a redevelopment of the area.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2022, 33.2, 235-254; doi: 10.19282/ac.33.2.2022.13

2022 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

I bronzi di Punta del Serrone (BR): dalla ricerca archeologica alla comunicazione multimediale

Giuliano De Felice, Katia Mannino

Abstract

On July 19, 1992, in the waters of Punta del Serrone (Brindisi, Italy), over 200 fragments of bronze statues of exceptional manufacture were found. This paper traces the history of the exceptional discovery and fate of the finds. The first part deals with the recovery, conservation and exhibition and the main phases of the analytical study that led to their identification and the reconstruction of the events that caused their abandonment on the seabed. The second part is dedicated to the digital acquisition and processing of the statues through laser scanning and to the virtual restoration and creative modeling of some of them, carried out on the occasion of ‘Nel mare dell’intimità/In the sea of intimacy’, an exhibition set up at the Brindisi airport between July 2019 and January 2021. The third and last part discusses the making of the computer animation video ‘Rottami preziosi. Una ballata del mare profondo/Precious scrap. A ballad from the deep sea’, created for the exhibition, and dedicated to telling the story of the bronzes, retracing the different phases of the creative process and the solutions developed to combine all the available data in a functional narrative.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2022, 33.2, 279-298; doi: 10.19282/ac.33.2.2022.15

2022 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Le temple de Karnak et les publications numériques

Alain Arnaudiès

Abstract

The one-day workshops on ‘The Archaeological Publication in the Digital Environment', organized by Nanterre University in 2021, was the opportunity to discuss the work carried out by the Franco-Egyptian Centre for the Study of the Temples of Karnak in the years 2000. The use of digital photography in an archaeological site has allowed the creation of virtual images that modify our perception of the real world and require a digital publication form. Digital technologies, such as 3D and photogrammetry, generate new scientific imagery. Photomontages and orthomosaic photographs are similar in general appearance to reality but they are completely virtual images. The real object is virtually transformed and, at the same time, the generated virtual object strives to be as close as possible to reality. The digital edition of Paul Barguet’s work on Karnak temple was an example of a paperless approach and an attempt to dematerialize the traditional information media. Nevertheless, virtuality is anchored to the materiality of the computer world to ensure its durability and it is constrained by IT media and software obsolescence. System upgrades and hardware developments may appear the death-knell for these achievements. These images and software are products of a new discipline called ‘virtual archaeology’, ‘digital archaeology’ or ‘cyber-archaeology’, but is that the right terminology? If there is to be a cyber-archaeologist, what should be his function? In the near future, when many machines and software are no longer executable or consigned to the scrapheap, cyber-archaeology will become the science of our digital past and no longer the science of the graphic representation of our past.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2022, 33.2, 299-318; doi: 10.19282/ac.33.2.2022.16

2021 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Antiche e moderne tecnologie: l’applicazione delle tecniche di rilevamento tridimensionale per la rappresentazione e l’analisi dei manufatti litici

Davide Delpiano

Abstract

In the past few years, the application of digital techniques to archaeology has strongly increased, including 3D recording of lithic artefacts for purposes of documentation and analysis. In this paper, the main acquisition techniques are reviewed focusing on their application to lithics, and on the cost-benefit analysis which largely depends on the research objectives. The introduction of the main functions of the virtual approaches to lithics comes from the new possibilities offered in the area of graphic documentation. In fact, 3D models could gradually replace the archaeological drawing thanks to the data objectivity and to the ability to undergo remote analysis. Indeed, in virtual models complex metric data and technological information are easily recorded. Furthermore, 3D models allow the application of quantitative and statistical analysis for different aims, such as reduction intensity estimation and geometric morphometrics, especially thanks to the landmark-based approach. All these potentials have been already explored in recent years, some of them have produced a considerable number of publications. However, this diversification needs the sharing of Open Data protocols in order to evaluate the methods, as well as the application of integrated approaches. Some examples of integration between traditional and 3D analyses derive from traceology and refitting studies, where the virtual tool is not considered as replacing but complementary. Finally, the options in the fields of data storage and cataloguing have been addressed, besides the free circulation of 3D models for academic and museological purposes, including 3D printing.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2021, 32.1, 43-62; doi: 10.19282/ac.32.1.2021.03

2021 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Análisis arquitectónico y aplicación de metodología BIM en el santuario extraurbano de Tusculum

José María Guerrero Vega, Antonio Pizzo

Abstract

Building Information Models (BIM) are presented as a tool with interesting possibilities in the fields of knowledge, management and dissemination of architectural and archaeological Cultural Heritage. This study describes the work process and the results of the development of such a digital model for the extra-urban sanctuary of the city of Tusculum, one of the best-preserved buildings of the site, yet less known and studied. Within the framework of a new phase of research on the archaeological site, the stratigraphic and constructive analysis of the wall that delimited the original terrace of the complex has been carried out. This has allowed to determine a chronological sequence and to establish the bases for the modelling of both the current state and some of its evolution phases, thus enabling a proposal for restitution of some of the previous states of the complex. The aim was to build a model that synthesizes the current knowledge and that has open and flexible characteristics, so that future research can enhance, complement or correct it.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2021, 32.1, 99-116; doi: 10.19282/ac.32.1.2021.06

2021 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Archeologia virtuale del passato contemporaneo. Dal rilievo alla ricostruzione digitale del campo PG 65 di Altamura (BA)

Giuliano De Felice, Adriana Camerino, Remo Pavone

Abstract

In the last decades, archaeologists have learnt to overcome the chronological limits, arriving to conceive the application of archaeological methods to contemporary objects and sites. But what happens when we try to apply the rules and methods of virtual archaeology to a context of the contemporary past? While the same tools can be used, some very important differences warn us to be careful: sometimes the contemporary archaeological heritage cannot be reconstructed in the usual way, despite the huge amount of data and sources available. The example of the virtual reconstruction of POW no. 65 in Central Apulia gives some elements to envisage possible applications of computer graphics techniques to very recent cultural heritage assets, moving a step forward towards a new paradigm of digital presentation of archaeological heritage.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2021, 32.1, 195-212; doi: 10.19282/ac.32.1.2021.11

2021 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Principi e metodi dell’archeologia ricostruttiva. Dall’approccio filologico alla ricostruzione tipologica

Francesco Gabellone

Abstract

In a virtual archaeology project, a full transparency in methods, techniques and documentation is necessary in order to define quality standards that are crucial for a discipline that promises to inform, amaze and fascinate with increasing effectiveness and accuracy. However, documentation is often insufficient to guarantee a level of reliability. Comparisons, deductions and methods that allow experts to retrace the reconstructive process in all its parts are always needed. Based on the results of a case study carried out on the Monte Sannace site, several methods are described in order to evaluate the level of reliability of the 3D reconstruction. This process is related to qualitative factors not always easy to weigh up, but highly important in compliance with Principle no. 7 of the Seville Charter: transparency of information and specification of the methods applied. From a theoretical point of view, analogies and differences in modern restoration methods are analysed, and the results are described in relation to the communicative and emotional objectives of the project. The reconstruction of the Monte Sannace site represents a significant step towards the full appreciation of a little-known area with important archaeological and naturalistic features.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2021, 32.1, 213-232; doi: 10.19282/ac.32.1.2021.12

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La statua ritrovata. Identificazione, analisi e proposta di ricostruzione virtuale di una scultura conservata presso il Museo Egizio di Torino

Elisa Brener, Giorgia Cafici, Giulia Deotto

Abstract

This article illustrates a case study from an ongoing research project on the statues and sculptural fragments from Tebtynis, discovered by Carlo Anti during the 1930-1936 excavation campaigns, in the temple dedicated to the god Soknebtynis. Specifically, it examines a non-royal statue which one of the authors has recently identified as Turin, Museo Egizio S. 19400+S. 19400/1. The authors combine a study of relevant archival records currently kept in Padua and Venice, Italy, with the virtual reconstruction of the fragment of the head and the stylistic analysis of the statue in order to shed light on the sculpture and retrace its post-excavation history.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2021, 32.1, 233-250; doi: 10.19282/ac.32.1.2021.13

2021 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

3D virtual reconstruction and sound simulation of old musical instruments

Antonio Rodà, Giovanni De Poli, Sergio Canazza, Zezhou Sun

Abstract

Digital technologies and 3D models, nowadays largely used to document archaeological remains and to obtain hypothetical reconstructions when these remains are more or less heavily damaged, can also be powerful tools to simulate and render the acoustic response of an environment, such as the interior of a building, or an artifact, such as sounding objects or musical instruments. This work addresses the cases of three musical instruments of the past – namely a Pan flute, a brass instrument, and an electrophone instrument – coming from different periods and in different states of preservation, which voices can now be heard thanks to as many multidisciplinary projects. Possible approaches to the simulation of the sounds that these instruments could generate are discussed in relation to different aims and contexts.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2021, 32.1, 359-374; doi: 10.19282/ac.32.1.2021.20

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Computed tomography and handcrafting processes of an ancient musical instrument: the aulos from Poseidonia

Angela Bellia, Danilo Paolo Pavone

Abstract

This paper aims to explore how digital imaging and computed tomography (CT) can provide us with significant results and valuable information otherwise unavailable in the study of ancient instruments. Whilst its methods provide great potential in terms of the diagnostics and preservation of ancient musical instruments, radiology has been underused in this field of application. As an improved method for the visualisation and analysis of the material density of instruments and of their surfaces and volumes, CT allows for a useful evaluation of the handcrafting process of instruments as well as the visualisation of invisible fracture lines and lesions in their structures, showing possible modifications, damages and repairs.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2021, 32.1, 375-401; doi: 10.19282/ac.32.1.2021.21

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Assessing unknown parameters of instrument finds by writing software

Stefan Hagel

Abstract

Music-archaeology can show exemplarily the potential as well as the dangers of digital approaches. Both are here illustrated using case studies from the field of virtual modelling the intended scales of ancient reed instruments, with a focus on the requirement of the closest possible collaboration between music-archaeologists and programmers from the planning stages of a project and throughout its development. On the one hand, the potential robustness of predictive algorithms is shown, on the other, methodological fallacies are exposed that have led to redundant results and consequently misguided interpretations, which however, due to the ubiquitous partition of expertise, have slipped through reviewing processes. Finally, the author amends a problematic detail in the approach underlying previous publications of his own, showing how reflecting the physiology of aulos playing more accurately may enhance the harmonicity of modelled pitch sets, which in turn lends further credibility to the general method.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2021, 32.1, 403-421; doi: 10.19282/ac.32.1.2021.22

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Being a spectator in a Roman theatre: a VR APP

Maria Cristina Manzetti, Nikos Papadopoulos

Abstract

This paper aims to present the advantages of including auralisation techniques in archaeology. Archaeology can benefit from auralisation under several aspects. Not only does it offer the possibility to live a unique experience listening sounds originated within ancient buildings, but it allows to formulate subjective interpretations of the quality of the audio of a specific space. In addition, the subjective feeling evoked by the auralised audio can be further investigated through psychoacoustics analysis. The combination of archaeology and auralisation is also attractive for the general public thanks to digital applications that can be employed for educational purposes. The involvement of society through digital applications is important to bring it near to research and archaeology. After a short literature review about the implementation of archaeology, auralisation and digital applications, the final elaboration of a PhD research will be presented: the development of a virtual reality app that shows the 3D reconstruction of six Roman theatres in Crete, including the virtual auralisation from different seats within the theatres. The VR app is the ultimate product of a research that studied hypothetical reconstructions of the Roman theatres in Crete through 3D visibility analysis and virtual acoustics analysis. Through the VR app, users will not only experience an ancient performance in different Roman theatres, but they will also be able to observe the influence of architecture on the sound.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2021, 32.1, 457-468; doi: 10.19282/ac.32.1.2021.25

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From finds to landscape: archaeological analysis and virtual modelling of the Davanzali necropolis in the Picenian emporion of Numana (AN)

Vincenzo Baldoni

Abstract

Among the studies recently promoted by the University of Bologna on the Picenian necropolis of Numana (Sirolo-Numana, AN), a two-year research project has been dedicated to the application of digital archaeology techniques on a topographically consistent lot of tombs in the Davanzali area. Thanks to the financing of the University program ‘Almaidea’, a team coordinated by the author focused on the virtual reconstruction of the necropolis, in all its aspects: from the finds to the funerary landscape. This contribution presents a synthesis of the research and introduces the articles written by the members of the team (A. Gaucci, E. Zampieri, M. Silani, S. Garagnani). The different contributions illustrate the project goals, methods and results. The conclusion of this article highlights the research potential for both the study (especially for pottery) and the context valorization.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2021, 32.2, 17-26; doi: 10.19282/ac.32.2.2021.02

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Virtual Archaeology and the study of necropolises as a system: methodology and practice in the case study of Numana (AN), Italy

Andrea Gaucci

Abstract

The paper briefly introduces methodologies and practices of Virtual Archaeology applied to the pre-Roman funerary contexts of Numana (Ancona). Starting from the traditional approach and the concept of necropolis as a system, we will focus on the methodological issues and potentialities related to the use of digital models for the archaeological analysis of grave goods and their contexts.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2021, 32.2, 27-34; doi: 10.19282/ac.32.2.2021.03

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The Davanzali necropolis of Numana (AN): from the archaeological context to the virtual environment

Enrico Zampieri

Abstract

The paper focuses on the issues of archaeological interpretation of the Quagliotti-Davanzali necropolis of Numana (AN) in relation to the virtual reconstruction of the context. The first step of this process is the reconstruction of the necropolis at the time of the excavation. This reconstruction is realized through the analysis and elaboration of the wide archival documentation produced during the archaeological campaigns. The study then focuses on the archaeological analysis of some specific sectors of the necropolis and on how digital models can effectively support this investigation. The limits and the potentialities of the experimented methods for the creation of the models are subsequently highlighted. Finally, a reflection is proposed on the future perspectives of the project in relation to the overall study of the necropolis, with a preliminary application of 3D modelling on the entire funerary area, in particular in its last phase of attendance. Indeed, for this last stage an optimal interpolation between the excavation data and the new research carried out in the field can be achieved, with a view to an integrated reading and a consequent virtual representation of the ancient funerary landscape.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2021, 32.2, 35-44; doi: 10.19282/ac.32.2.2021.04

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Quick digitization techniques: the case study of Numana necropolis

Simone Garagnani

Abstract

The general digital reconstruction of the necropolis in Numana was carried on following a methodology targeted to a quick survey at different scales: from the single ceramic or artifact to the whole archaeological landscape. Fostering the application of common computer graphics techniques, an easily replicable process was set up, in order to produce 3D models mainly adopted for archaeological analysis and collection of data that could have been acquired in different times, with different approaches.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2021, 32.2, 53-62; doi: 10.19282/ac.32.2.2021.06

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New perspectives on documenting Attic pottery

Alessandro Pace, Daniele Bursich

Abstract

The study of the Attic-figured pottery is closely connected with the ‘Beazley method’, which consists in the possibility of recognizing a painting ‘hand’ exclusively based on the style of the work; the Beazley method, despite having suffered some criticism, is still considered substantially valid. The need to have images which can be analyzed from a stylistic point of view, has suggested to combine the use of some open-source programs of 3D photogrammetry (such as VisualSFM and Meshlab) and 3D modeling (such as Blender), in order to shift the figured frieze from the pot to paper, avoiding the limitations associated with traditional direct drawing.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2021, 32.2, 83-94; doi: 10.19282/ac.32.2.2021.08

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The rediscovery of colors at Kainua-Marzabotto

Marta Natalucci

Abstract

The city of Kainua (Marzabotto), inhabited between the end of the 6 th century BC and the beginning of the 4th century BC, is one of the most important and best-preserved Etruscan centers. During the excavations performed by the University of Bologna in the area of the temple of Uni, masses of rare red ochre and Egyptian blue pigments have been found. After this discovery, a series of analyses has been carried out in order to study the polychromy of the architectural terracottas of the site. Thanks to spectroscopic analysis, it has been possible to examine the composition of the pigments that were employed. Moreover, the Visible- Induced Luminescence (VIL) technique not only confirmed the use of Egyptian blue, but also allowed to rediscover the decoration pattern of some painted tiles which belonged to one of the temples of the acropolis. This discovery is very important because the use of Egyptian blue had never been attested before in the Etruscan Po Valley. Lastly, the study has allowed to create a 3D reconstruction of some painted architectural elements, which are preserved nowadays in fragments.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2021, 32.2, 95-104; doi: 10.19282/ac.32.2.2021.09

2021 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Antefixes from Museo Provinciale Campano in Capua. A proposal for a virtual reconstruction

Marta Esposito

Abstract

The paper aims to illustrate an intervention of digital restoration carried out on different groups of antefixes coming from excavations started in 1845 in a private fund today located in Curti, near Caserta and pertaining to sacred building roofs of a sanctuary whose oldest phase is dated to the 6th century BC. Nowadays, finds are preserved in the Museo Provinciale Campano, located in Capua. Particularly, two hundred and fifty antefixes belonging to the group named ‘female heads within the nimbus’, have been studied, articulated into thirty different series, filed in a database created ad hoc, and the digital restoration of their prototypes has been completed. Issues relating to seriality and traceability of these finds to individual archetypes will be explored, features that make a faithful 3D reconstruction of a prototype possible, based on the combination of physical data of fragmented antefixes pertaining to each series. Furthermore, phases and techniques of detection and scanning of an archaeological find using a laser scanner for small objects will be particularly analyzed. It will show how to achieve a mesh from a scanning file and how to elaborate it. Lastly, processing steps necessary to the realization of a 3D restoration will be illustrated through modeling techniques and collation of different 3D scannings. These kinds of technological experimentations contribute to diversify our memory transmission modes. They offer the chance to create digital and implementable catalogs, useful for a dynamic documentation of the Archaeological Heritage, but also and above all, fundamental tools for the monitoring, conservation and fruition of analyzed corpora.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2021, 32.2, 105-119; doi: 10.19282/ac.32.2.2021.10

2021 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Classical pottery in collection: the MemO Project and the recreation of a ‘context’

Monica Salvadori, Emanuela Faresin, Luca Zamparo

Abstract

Heir to a centuries-old tradition, the phenomenon of collecting ancient pottery, especially Greek and Southern-Italian, is still particularly active, and denoting a still lively adherence to classical taste. The materials of these collections, however, often appear decontextualized, that is to say deprived of their fundamental informative component. Since 2018, through a multidisciplinary approach, the MemO Project, directed by the Department of Cultural Heritage of the University of Padova, has dealt with the study of these materials in order to reconstruct their history and origin, i.e. to systematically recount their memory. This contribution intends to analyze the complexity of the narration of the archaeological data for the decontextualized material and, above all, to detect its informative potential in order to recreate the original context. Through a multidisciplinary teamwork, we intend to present the results obtained in the context of the reconstruction of the history of inevitably inaccessible materials.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2021, 32.2, 121-134; doi: 10.19282/ac.32.2.2021.11

2021 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

3D modelling from archive and legacy data: preliminary data processing on the Roman shipwreck Grado I

Elisa Costa, Carlo Beltrame

Abstract

Ca’ Foscari University is addressing different archaeological issues to enhance knowledge about shipwrecks through digital technologies. In the last few years, the team has applied virtual modelling and digital techniques on archive and legacy data, starting with an innovative museum installation regarding the wreck of the Napoleonic brig Mercurio and cargos of amphoras of the Byzantine shipwreck of Cape Stoba. The potential of digital technologies has allowed us to analyse and elaborate different kinds of documentation, including archives, to obtain 3D models that could be studied and visualized with innovative technological solutions. The paper presents an original proposal to create a 3D virtual model of an ancient shipwreck based on archival and heterogeneous data. Regarding the Grado I Roman shipwreck, we processed perspective drawings of the hull and the amphoras, measurements during the excavations, digitalization of analogical images and of a survey of the cardboard scale model to obtain a complete virtual 3D model of the shipwreck. Legacy data represent a precious source for bringing to life obsolete representations of cultural heritage.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2021, 32.2, 156-166; doi: 10.19282/ac.32.2.2021.14

2021 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Developing an ABIM system: a new prospective for archaeological data management

Angela Bosco, Laura Carpentiero, Andrea D'Andrea, Eleonora Minucci, Rosario Valentini

Abstract

In the framework of a collaboration between the Archaeological Park of Paestum and the University of Naples ‘L’Orientale’, in 2018 the study of the insula 4-6 of Paestum has been resumed. The paper shows the so-called ABIM (Archaeological Building Information Modelling) methodological approach that involves combining digital survey with parametric reconstruction of the structures. The study aims to provide a complete information system useful for different purposes, from documentation to interpretation and management of archaeological data, with a special focus on standards and interoperability. For this purpose, CISA (Centro Interdipartimentale di Servizi di Archeologia de ‘L’Orientale’) carried out an aerial digital survey to provide a detailed and updated map of all the structures still visible, while the point cloud was used to develop the archaeological BIM.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2021, 32.2, 167-176; doi: 10.19282/ac.32.2.2021.15

2021 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Preliminary studies on the volumetric capacity of ceramic from the Neolithic site of Lugo di Grezzana (VR) through 3D graphics software

Andrea Tavella, Marika Ciela, Paolo Chistè, Annaluisa Pedrotti

Abstract

The aim of this study is to obtain an estimate of the volumetric capacity of a selection of ceramic vessels from the Neolithic site of Lugo di Grezzana (Verona, Italy). The method applied involved the use of Blender, a free and open source 3D computer graphics software. This program can calculate the volume from the graphic elaboration of the archaeological drawing of the artifacts. Through the calculation of volume it has been possible to obtain an estimate of the total capacity of the vessels, proposing two types of content. Volumetric estimates were then compared between the diameter and height of each ceramic vessels, to define size classes. The research shows that the internal variability of some ceramic shapes could be the consequence of different functional and/or cultural choices. The methodology tested in this paper could be applied in future research projects.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2021, 32.2, 187-196; doi: 10.19282/ac.32.2.2021.17

2021 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Anatomical-morphological analysis of a volumetric 3D model of an archaeological object

Enej Guček Puhar, Aleš Jaklič, Franc Solina, Lidija Korat, Miran Erič

Abstract

The article emphasizes the importance of anatomical-morphological analysis of a volume 3D model reconstructed from microcomputer tomographic 2D images for archaeological documentation and treatment, non-invasive archaeological analysis, and a more optimal selection of conservation methods and techniques. The object of μCT reconstruction is a 40,000-year-old Palaeolithic hunting weapon found in 2008 in the Ljubljanica River near Sinja Gorica (Vrhnika, lat.: Nauportus, Slovenia). This wooden point (yew; lat.: Taxus baccata) is so far just one of only eight known Palaeolithic wooden artifacts found in Europe. Between 2013 and 2017, the point was conserved using a traditional waterlogged wood processing technique with melamine resin. Using computer volumetric analysis of five surface 3D models, taken before, during and after the conservation, it was found out that volumetric changes and deviations of the point have occurred (bending, weight, volume, surface cracks and changes). Surface changes of the 3D models did not answer the question: what are the causes for the resulting changes after the conservation process? Only anatomical-morphological analysis of the internal structure of the point could answer this question. To this end, we developed an iterative segmentation algorithm adapted to archaeological analysis for the reconstruction of a volume 3D model from microtomographic 2D images. In this way, we successfully supplemented the data of the surface 3D model and confirmed volumetrically and graphically the current and critical state of the internal anatomical structure of the artifact (cracks, fractures, etc.). The case study confirmed the exceptional importance of the use of microcomputed tomography as a non-invasive technique in archaeological analysis and in the planning and selection of procedures for conservation, restoration and storage of sensitive archaeological heritage remains in situ or ex situ.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2021, 32.2, 197-208; doi: 10.19282/ac.32.2.2021.18

2021 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

From minerals to artefacts: the role and challenges of 3D modelling

Andrea Aquino, Stefano Pagnotta, Marco Lezzerini, Elena Pecchioni, Vanni Moggi Cecchi, Stefano Columbu

Abstract

Over the past decade, we have witnessed an increase in the use of technology, through the creation of virtual itineraries and exhibitions, as a tool to guarantee and increase the usability of museums and more generally of artistic and historical works. In fact, it often happens that many works of art and artefacts of archaeological and cultural importance are not accessible to the public, either because they are kept in museum deposits or because they are difficult to access. In a context such as the current one, however, with an ongoing pandemic that forces most of the population to remain at home, the virtualization of museums, and historical and cultural heritage, becomes the main tool for exploring and enhancing culture. Among the various methodologies used for the creation of three-dimensional models, photogrammetry stands out for ease of use and low cost. This article analyses the use of photogrammetry in 3D modelling, focusing on pros and cons as a rapid, low-cost tool, which makes artworks virtually accessible to the public via museum websites and social network forums.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2021, 32.2, 209-218; doi: 10.19282/ac.32.2.2021.19

2021 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Optical microprofilometry optimized for surface analysis and 3D printing of archaeological objects

Sara Mazzocato, Claudia Daffara, Giacomo Marchioro, Alessandra Menegazzi

Abstract

In this paper we investigated the application of the optical scanning micro-profilometry based on conoscopic holography sensors for the acquisition and the surface analysis of archaeological objects with a micrometric resolution. The portability of the setup developed and its modularity allow to work in situ with a multi-scale and multi-material approach. In addition, we have developed our own tools to create a mesh from the 2D-arrays of distances collected with the resulting possibility to obtain a replica of the artwork using 3D printing technologies. We test the microprofilometer on two case studies: a fragment of an archaeological amphora, also presenting the workflow to obtain the 3D printed object, and an Etruscan bronze mirror, analyzing its surface.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2021, 32.2, 227-236; doi: 10.19282/ac.32.2.2021.21

2021 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Testing a mobile laboratory at the Aeolian Museum of Lipari (Messina) for the 3D survey and the chemical characterization of archaeological materials: practice and further developments

Dario Giuffrida, Viviana Mollica Nardo, Rosina Celeste Ponterio, Oreste Adinolfi, Maria Amalia Mastelloni

Abstract

In the last decade portable devices for the analysis of Cultural Heritage (e.g. laser-scanners, spectroscopes, XRF) have reached levels of reliability that can replace benchtop instruments and enable in situ survey. One of the most effective application is the digitization and diagnosis of artworks preserved inside museums. Indeed, moving art objects or finds from the place of preservation to specific laboratories can often be difficult for several reasons such as fragility, large size, risk of damage, lack of authorizations etc. The paper shows the results of a collaboration between the IPCF-CNR of Messina and the Archaeological Museum of Lipari aimed at creating a ‘mobile laboratory’ for chemical analysis and 3D digitization of artefacts presenting different challenges. The activities have been carried out using two high-performing and non-contact tools: a laser-scanner arm by Faro (sometimes in combination with an external camera) and a handheld Raman spectrometer by Bruker. The test was performed to plan more extensive and systematic analyses of other materials preserved in Lipari, which will be soon examined as part of an ongoing agreement between the two institutions. The results of this test clearly demonstrate the advantages, both in terms of scientific results and dissemination, that can be achieved when science and the humanities dialogue for a common goal.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2021, 32.2, 237-248; doi: 10.19282/ac.32.2.2021.22

2020 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

SfM-photogrammetry for fast recording of archaeological features in remote areas

Filippo Brandolini, Mauro Cremaschi, Andrea Zerboni, Michele Degli Esposti, Guido Stefano Mariani, Silvia Lischi

Abstract

Digital documenting of archaeological evidence represents a crucial tool in the study, preservation, management, and promotion of archaeological sites in remote regions and in fragile landscapes. In fact, in marginal environment, the knowledge related to archaeological heritage can quickly disappear, especially when policies to protect cultural heritage are unreliable or lacking. In the last few decades, archaeological fieldwork has seen the increasing use of Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetric technique as a tool for mapping and recording archaeological evidence. This technique allows the creation of highly detailed 3D models of archaeological sites, monuments, and artefacts from sets of simple but accurately taken pictures, thus preserving the data for further research or (digital) cultural valorisation. Nowadays, low-cost/commercial off-the-shelf sensors (professional and semi-professional digital cameras and smartphones as well) are widely available and accessible by most of the users operating in cultural heritage documentation. This has made the acquisition of field pictures in archaeological research much more flexible and cost-effective. 3D models obtained from these pictures through photogrammetric commercial software can be scaled with a known-measure providing highly detailed models for archaeological purposes. This enhances the ability of archaeologists to record archaeological features during field surveys and rapidly obtain 3D models. This is especially useful in the case of archaeological surveys carried out in remote and barely accessible areas. In this paper, we present the results of the application of the above-mentioned methods during archaeological surveys in the Sultanate of Oman, where several archaeological features have been recorded through SfM photogrammetry using commercial devices and portable scale-bars. We demonstrate that this is a highly-flexible and fast process to record archaeological heritage in low-accessible or fragile contexts, where a 3D model (with centimetric precision) represents a valuable dataset for further in-lab analysis and cultural dissemination.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2020, 31.2, 33-45; doi: 10.19282/ac.31.2.2020.04

2020 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

The ArchaeoBIM method and the role of digital models in archaeology

Simone Garagnani, Andrea Gaucci

Abstract

The paper deals with the development of a novel methodology, named ArchaeoBIM, aimed at the creation of digital models representing no longer existing buildings, starting from the available information collected from the archaeological contexts. The process is inferred by the Building Information Modeling used in the contemporary building industry, where different disciplines converge into digital models. The achieved models meet some of the cutting-edge issues of the Virtual Archaeology, i.e. validation, management of data, simulation. These products answer to important needs in the fields of research, conservation and dissemination and could be considered as archaeological records themselves.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2020, 31.2, 181-188; doi: 10.19282/ac.31.2.2020.17

2020 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

A reconstructive proposal of Diocletian’s Baths for the 5G experimentation in Rome

Francesco Gabellone

Abstract

The 5G is the fifth generation of networks. It will officially arrive from 2020 to connect millions of devices all over the world with high speed and low latency, to enable advanced projects based on smart technologies, Internet of Things, smart cities and a new generation of smart houses. The use of this new high-speed connection will positively involve, in the near future, the virtual enjoyment of cultural heritage, allowing to offer new and more powerful solutions, especially in the field of immersive VR/AR visualization. On these premises we have carried out a project that aims to virtualize some spaces within the Diocletian Baths through innovative, immersive, emotional and persuasive solutions. The results are based on simple panoramas and 360° VR videos. However, they are enhanced with the stereoscopic vision and, above all, the animation of the scene, thus increasing the “sense of presence” of the user. The immersive visit within ancient spaces is populated with life, human figures and elements that increase the spatiality of reconstruction (sense of scale, presence, verisimilitude).

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2020, 31.2, 189-198; doi: 10.19282/ac.31.2.2020.18

2020 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Structural monitoring of the Ninfeo Ponari by fibre optic sensors, photogrammetry and laser scanning

Michele Arturo Caponero, Marialuisa Mongelli, Maura Imbimbo, Giuseppe Modoni, Eugenio Polito, Ernesto Grande

Abstract

The Ninfeo Ponari is an ancient building dating back to the first century BC as part of a rich domus, located in the ancient Roman city of Casinum. It consists of two bodies: a rectangular room covered by a barrel vault and an atrium with no roof with a shallow pool in the middle, both paved with mosaics and decorated with wall paintings. The structural condition of the building is critical and its preservation is at risk, as it is located on a hill slope where some substantial sliding activity is occurring. Moreover, it is not protected by an efficient rainfall drainage system. Aim of this paper is to illustrate the strategies and the digital techniques recently applied to initiate a permanent monitoring of the building structural condition.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2020, 31.2, 223-232; doi: 10.19282/ac.31.2.2020.21

2020 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

The shape of colour. The cave of San Michele on Monte Tancia (Italy)

Marco Carpiceci, Andrea Angelini

Abstract

Starting from the indications derived from the cartographic representation, the goal of the research project described in this paper was to experiment with different tests on the frescoed surfaces of rock-cut architecture for the visualization of the real shape of the subject. For the first time a 3D survey was carried out by the authors in the cave of San Michele on Monte Tancia to test different techniques of processing the numerical models in order to achieve the plane representation of random surfaces, including those with the frescoed plaster. This activity is part of a broader research program related to the investigation of rupestrian architecture, addressing problems of data representation.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2020, 31.2, 233-244; doi: 10.19282/ac.31.2.2020.22

2020 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Applying digital tools as an effective support for conservation research and design process: the Rocca Janula castle in Cassino, Lazio

Magdalena Wałek

Abstract

The paper deals with the very extensive and complex topic of the conservation and adaptation of the medieval defensive castle of Rocca Janula in Cassino for the headquarters of the non-governmental organization Corvi di Giano. The castle is a very important building due to its location and its history. Its location makes it one of the two landmarks of the city’s landscape. Due to its connections with the Montecassino Monastery, it has a great cultural significance for Poland and Italy. The research described in this paper is an attempt to re-integrate the fortress into social life. The project is an example of the application of digital recording methods such as photogrammetry, HBIM technology and 3D printing. The integration of these methods allowed creating a database by which valorization practices were implemented and conservation guidelines were formulated.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2020, 31.2, 245-256; doi: 10.19282/ac.31.2.2020.23

2020 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Rule-based inferencing diagnosis in HBIM

Silvana Bruno, Antonella Musicco, Rosella Alessia Galantucci, Fabio Fatiguso

Abstract

The aim of this paper is the implementation of a methodological workflow for the diagnosis of masonry settlings, within the HBIM approach, developing a rule-based logical inference tool in Visual Programming Language. The rule-based inferencing diagnosis is a guided process, which increases the confidence factor about settlings and actual causes, on the basis of surveyors’ technical insights and evidences. The final step is the suggestion of appropriate interventions. The results show that inference logic is directly applicable to the diagnosis problem; their efficacy depends on i) the structured parametric and data modelling of decay patterns in the HBIM model and ii) the knowledge base training. The application has been validated on a case study, Masseria Don Cataldo (Bari, South Italy).

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2020, 31.2, 269-280; doi: 10.19282/ac.31.2.2020.25

2020 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

La Grotta paleolitica di Roccia San Sebastiano (Mondragone, CE). Una metodologia per l’analisi dei dati in spazi simbolici

Leopoldo Repola, Carmine Collina, Marcello Piperno

Abstract

The Prehistory of the Mondragone area, in the province of Caserta, emerged in its importance thanks to the results of systematic surveys carried out since 1994 by the University of Naples “Federico II” and the Museum Biagio Greco together with the Archeological Superintendence of Naples and Caserta. Since 2001, the Museum has accomplished regular excavation campaigns of the very important Upper and Middle Palaeolithic deposit in the large cave opening in the site of Roccia di San Sebastiano, which represents the only evidence of Palaeolithic frequentation systematically and stratigraphically studied in the territory included between the Northern Campania coast and the Southern Latium coast. On the basis of such evidences, the authors illustrate a project aimed to produce a detailed territorial study to understand the dynamics of the frequentation and settlement of the area during Palaeolithic (Musterian, Uluzzian, Aurignazian and Gravettian) and the cultural behaviours of last Neanderthals and first Homo sapiens groups. The latest excavation campaigns allowed to unearth Uluzzian layers in two sectors of the cave and to investigate the Mousterian levels, from which a deciduous molar of a Neanderthal child comes. Moreover they permitted to consolidate the study of symbolic activities in the cave. Digital and tridimensional documentation techniques have been adopted for the description of the excavation surfaces and to understand the symbolic activities consisting in both parietal and mobiliary art evidences. The storage and elaboration of data is realized in a 3D application in order to elaborate detailed intra-site analysis in a predictive pattern of activities. This model allows the management of digital data in a single spatial system of representation, in which the digital copies of places, excavations areas and objects coincide with the relational matrices between the archaeological data and the possible events recorded in the physical layers.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2020, 31.1, 167-187; doi: 10.19282/ac.31.1.2020.08

2020 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Use and reuse of spatial and quantitative data in archaeology: from 3D survey to serious game at Phaistos (Crete)

Francesca Buscemi, Pietro Maria Militello, Cettina Santagati, Marianna Figuera, Graziana D'Agostino, Damiano Antonino Angelo Aiello

Abstract

The article presents the results of a wider research carried out by a multidisciplinary group (archaeologists and engineers) of the University and the CNR-ISPC of Catania in the South-Western Quarter of the Minoan Palace of Phaistos (Crete). The article focuses on two digital survey campaigns carried out respectively in 2014, laser scanning, and 2019, Structure from Motion. Starting from the point cloud by laser scanner, the most recent, low cost and user-friendly photogrammetric tools (GoPro camera and software Agisoft Metashape) have been used during the 2019 campaign in order to update and to improve the previous dataset, which was used as a grid for georeferencing and scaling the new virtual model. Special attention was addressed to the comparison of the two datasets and to the reuse of the first one for georeferencing and scaling the second one. Furthermore, the research has been focused on the opportunity to exploit the obtained virtual model both for scientific purposes and for the outreach. The lack of accessibility of the South-Western Quarter of Phaistos Palace to the visitors attributes a special interest to this output. The virtual environment thus realized constituted an ideal starting point for the development of an educational fruition project based on a Serious Game approach. The cooperation of archaeologists and engineers in the development of the Phaistos game ensures a gaming experience not only pleasant but also provided with a strong educational profile.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2020, 31.1, 189-212; doi: 10.19282/ac.31.1.2020.09

2020 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Il rilievo fotogrammetrico di Doclea

Antonio D'Eredità

Abstract

This paper deals with the practical application of photogrammetry in the study of the Roman city of Doclea in Montenegro, with particular reference to the use of Structure from Motion (SfM) techniques. Among the various research areas, archaeology of architecture and settlement archaeology make today an increasing use of photogrammetry for the in-field documentation of archaeological features. This method has an essential role in obtaining a reliable geometric survey that in turn forms the basis for the structural assessment of the architectural heritage thanks to consolidated methods such as archaeological stratigraphy and direct examination. In recent years, digital photogrammetry and the implementation of data processing technologies have made it possible to create three-dimensional models using images acquired through high-definition cameras. In addition to an accurate topographical survey, the aforementioned methods offer the opportunity to obtain a faithful representation of the real world, providing a basis for subsequent architectural and territorial studies. The use of drones equipped with cameras has proved to be particularly effective and capable of detecting large areas quickly and with good results. Due to its versatility and relative ease of use, photogrammetry could actually be deemed as an essential tool for the study and conservation of cultural heritage.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2020, 31.1, 213-230; doi: 10.19282/ac.31.1.2020.10

2020 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

HBIM data management in historical and archaeological buildings

Andrea Scianna, Giuseppe Fulvio Gaglio, Marcello La Guardia

Abstract

Recent technological evolutions in the acquisition and management of building data are offering new opportunities for digital reconstruction. At the same time, the BIM (Building Information Modeling) methodology, based on the implementation of libraries composed of parametric objects provided by the IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) standard, allows the design and management of data of existing buildings, and, in particular, historical and archaeological buildings. In the latter case, the great variety of Cultural Heritage (CH) distributed over the European territory, and the ability of BIM to cover the life of buildings or/and other artefacts from a geometric, descriptive, physical and static point of view, have stimulated the development of the HBIM (Historic BIM) modelling. The HBIM approach should consider the complexity of historical or archaeological buildings or artefacts, with particular attention to possible fragmentation or incompleteness of parts. In this work, different approaches regarding the survey, restitution and data management will be described, finalised to the construction of an HBIM model, considering different possible variables, emerging from different study cases.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2020, 31.1, 231-252; doi: 10.19282/ac.31.1.2020.11

2019 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

The main public buildings of Doclea: archival, archaeological and architectural research

Carla Sfameni, Antonio D'Eredità, Tatjana Koprivica

Abstract

The study of the architecture of the main public buildings of Doclea is being carried out on the basis of bibliographical and archival sources, integrated with the direct analysis of the existing structures. Research aimed at finding documents of the earlier explorers of Doclea, as well as documentary photographs, are particularly important. We also analyse the main buildings of Doclea in the context of Roman architecture, seeking to identify local and regional features. An analysis of the existing structures, combining archaeological and architectural methods, according to the most modern theories of the so-called archaeology of architecture, is essential. This same approach was applied to the monuments in the forum area and in the main thermae, where we have collected a series of data that we are now processing. The ultimate goal of our research is to produce a 3D reconstruction of the main buildings.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2019, Supplemento 11, 85-103; doi: 10.19282/ACS.11.2019.08

2019 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Il laboratorio di informatica per la Villa di Cottanello (RI): lo studio delle terrecotte architettoniche

Alessandra Caravale, Antonio D'Eredità, Carla Sfameni, Giorgio Trojsi

Abstract

Since 2012 the Istituto di Studi sul Mediterraneo Antico - CNR has been conducting an interdisciplinary research programme at the Roman villa of Cottanello (RI). The results of these investigations have been published in a recent work (Pensabene, Sfameni 2017). This paper presents some new studies on the villa, related, in particular, to the development of a website created with the CMS Museo and Web. The implementation of the website gave the opportunity to expand the research on the architectural terracottas, that represent one of the most important and conspicuous groups of ancient material found during the excavations. In particular, the article presents the online database of terracottas, their three-dimensional graphic reconstruction and some archaeometric analysis. The paper provides also an overview on other residential contexts, in which similar decorative terracottas were found.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2019, 30, 159-182; doi: 10.19282/ac.30.2019.11

2019 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Ricerche nell'area della villa di Teoderico a Galeata (FC): un dialogo fra nuove tecnologie e tradizionali metodi di scavo

Riccardo Villicich, Alessia Morigi, Elia Rinaldi

Abstract

The villa-complex of Theodoric in Galeata is one of the latest examples, at least within the Italian peninsula, of the great private residences of late antiquity. The site is multi-layered and has evidence of seventeen centuries of occupation, from the 6th century BC to the 12th century AD Important new knowledge of the pre-Roman (a settlement of the Late Iron age) and Roman (a large villa) phases of the site has been acquired. The most significant results, however, concern the late antiquity phase. The excavations, in fact, have led to a new interpretation of the complex known as the 'Palace' or villa of the Goth king Theodoric. In this long-running excavation it has been possible to test the transformations of excavation methods and techniques, which have evolved over the years.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2019, 30, 183-204; doi: 10.19282/ac.30.2019.12

2019 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Vecchi scavi e nuove tecnologie: primi risultati del Progetto Basilica Iulia

Marco Galli, Marika Griffo, Carlo Inglese, Tommaso Ismaelli

Abstract

The paper presents the first results of the Basilica Julia Project, aimed at the analysis and reconstruction of the transformations affecting the southern side of the Forum Romanum. In the excavation campaigns conducted between 1960 and 1964 beneath the Augustan building, the remains of the basilica of Julius Caesar, the Basilica Sempronia (169 BC), a large house with an atrium dated to the 4th cent. BC, and traces of a 5th cent. BC building were brought to light. During the first phase of the work, the stratigraphic sequences were reconstructed according to the archive documentation and the study of the archaeological materials. In the second phase, a wide-ranging survey campaign was undertaken. The paper examines the methods of acquisition, connected to conservation demands, the lack of natural light and the complex physical configuration of the site. Surveying was undertaken by integrating topographical survey with massive data collection through 3D Laser Scanner and Structure from Motion. The paper also focuses on the process of integration of all these different data-sets into a single model, which produces a considerable quantity of information already translated into a unique system. Finally, thanks to the possibility to explore the 3D model in the restitution phase, the model made it possible to produce a 2D plan and sections in a process that ensured the correct reading of the data.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2019, 30, 229-249; doi: 10.19282/ac.30.2019.14

2019 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

L'Aula Ovest del complesso di Domiziano tra Foro Romano e Palatino: metodologie a confronto per un rilievo XXL

Fabrizio Sommaini, Valeria Di Cola, Valentina Albano

Abstract

The survey campaign on the monumental remains of the West Hall of the Domitian Complex (Roman Forum) has provided an opportunity for a general reflection on the archaeological surveying of architecture. Above all, there is the problem of how to guarantee an accurate documentation, when approaching 'XXL buildings', like those of this architectural complex. Working with two different methodologies, in particular digital photogrammetry and laser scanning, the authors have detected the best operating procedure for the documentation of such very big structures. The data obtained during the surveying campaign has also allowed the reconstruction of the different historical phases for the West Hall in the Roman Forum.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2019, 30, 251-272; doi: 10.19282/ac.30.2019.15

2019 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Gestione del dato archeologico tridimensionale via web: l’esperienza con il software 3DHOP

Alessandro Vecchione, Aurelia Lureau, Marco Callieri

Abstract

3D Heritage Online Presenter (3DHOP) is a framework for advanced web-based visual presentations of high-resolution 3D content. Developed at the Visual Computing Lab CNR ISTI, 3DHOP was designed to cope with the specific needs of cultural heritage projects, supporting web-based publishing of very high-resolution digitized results and enabling the documentation of complex restoration actions. The present paper highlights, through some case studies (Peltuinum archaeological area, AQ, and Castillo de La Muela in Consuegra), the potentials of 3DHOP’s tools for the management of data from both active (laser scanner) and passive sensors (photogrammetry and aerophotogrammetry). In addition, problems and solutions encountered during the organization and personalization of web pages will be presented. The goal of this operation is to create a three-dimensional hub that can collect and link traditional archaeological documentation to 3D geometry.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2019, 30, 483-486; doi: 10.19282/ac.30.2019.35

2019 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

iGIS - Immersive GIS System

Daniele Bursich

Abstract

From the nineteenth century on, archaeological research has been conducted into the vicus of Bedriacum (2nd cent. BC-5th cent. AD), a minor centre in the territory of the Latin colony of Cremona near the modern town of Calvatone (CR). Different strategies and methods were used: iGIS was conceived and developed to become an immersive, scalable and fully customizable 3D-VR system that integrates 2D data and 3D models, ranging from MySQL online databases to Virtual Reality.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2019, 30, 495-498; doi: 10.19282/ac.30.2019.38

2018 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Firenze scomparsa: le chiese di Santa Chiara e San Pier Maggiore e la loro ricostruzione digitale presso i musei di Londra

Donal Cooper

Abstract

This paper focuses on two digital projects that have attempted to reconstitute Renaissance altarpieces within virtual church interiors. Both concern Florentine churches that are no longer extant: the Clarissan nunnery church of Santa Chiara in the southern Oltrarno quarter and the Benedictine convent church of San Pier Maggiore to the east of the Cathedral. Both reconstructions were commissioned in conjunction with London institutions: Santa Chiara for the Victoria and Albert Museum in 2009; San Pier Maggiore for the National Gallery in 2015. The two virtual reconstructions were, however, very different - in part because the nature of the available data suggested different solutions in each case, in part because the more recent project on San Pier Maggiore was able to build on our experience of the older reconstruction of Santa Chiara. As well as presenting these projects, the paper offers an auto-critical evaluation of them, acknowledging where the final reconstructions could not realize their authors’ original ambitions, and hopefully drawing some lessons to help future work in this area. Key concerns remain the embedding of ‘paradata’ and degrees of uncertainty within 3D visualizations following the guidance of the London Charter, a widely shared but rarely realised aspiration. Meanwhile, new opportunities are offered by the integration of photogrammetry, LIDAR scanning, augmented reality and geo-radar data.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2018, Supplemento 10, 67-80; doi: 10.19282/ACS.10.2018.05

2018 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

L’eco delle pietre: history, modeling, and GPR as tools in reconstructing the choir screen at Sta. Chiara in Naples

Caroline Bruzelius, Andrea Giordano, Lucas Giles, Leopoldo Repola, Emanuela De Feo, Andrea Basso, Elisa Castagna

Abstract

This essay describes the use of Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) to establish the location and dimensions of the destroyed choir screen at the church of Sta. Chiara in Naples. On the basis of this new evidence, inserted within a laser scan of the church that provides its exact dimensions, the authors have been able to reconstruct a hypothetical model of the screen’s original appearance. The model, if correct, suggests that the choir screen not only contained altars to Saints Francis and Claire (now present in the flanking side chapels), but also that it supported an upper gallery that connected the wide tribunes on either side of the nave. It is hoped that this hypothetical model will stimulate new research on the décor, liturgy, and ceremonial functions of this important Neapolitan church.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2018, Supplemento 10, 81-103; doi: 10.19282/ACS.10.2018.06

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Ripensando il “metodo Beazley”. Ceramica attica e fotomodellazione 3D: il caso del Painter of Syracuse 19861

Daniele Bursich, Alessandro Pace

Abstract

The study of the Attic-figured pottery is closely connected to the “Beazley method”, which consists in the possibility of recognizing a painter’s hand exclusively on a stylistic basis. Although it has suffered some criticism, the Beazley method is still considered substantially valid. The need to collect images which can be analyzed from a stylistic point of view convinced us to combine 3D photogrammetry (Agisoft Photoscan) with 3D modelling (Luxology Modo) software in order to transfer the figured frieze from a vase to paper, thus avoiding the limitations of traditional direct drawing. These tools allowed us to contribute to the debate on the Beazley method; in fact, new research showed that Beazley over-divided Attic pottery, identifying many more painters than actually existed. This paper deals with the potential of 3D modeling applied to the Attic-figured pottery and focuses on the case of the Painter of Syracuse 19861, to whom Beazley attributed only two lekythoi (both belonging to the Lauricella collection from Gela and today displayed in the Archaeological Museum of Syracuse). The use of the 3D modelling process allowed us to obtain images proving that the two objects belong to the Ethiop Painter’s final production instead of to a different painter.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.1, 73-91; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.1.2017.05

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Documentazione e ricostruzione 3D di un menhir inedito rinvenuto in località “Sa Perda Fitta”, Sant’Anna Arresi (Sardegna sud-occidentale)

Adriano Velli, Emiliano Velli

Abstract

The Authors illustrate the documentation process of a menhir not recorded in earlier studies, which was fortuitously discovered in Sa Perda Fitta, in the western landscape of Sant’Anna Arresi, a small municipality of Sulcis (south-western Sardinia). This area was the subject of a detailed study by the Authors for their PhD dissertation at the Universidad de Granada, whose purpose was the detection and analysis of settlement patterns of human communities from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. This territory, bounded on the East by the Sulcis massif and on the West by the Gulf of Palmas, is characterized by the presence of coastal ponds which have fostered the presence and the settlement of human groups since the Neolithic. The place name Sa Perda Fitta (in the Sardinian language ‘stone fixed into the ground’) has aroused a great deal of interest as it suggests the presence of at least one menhir, a widespread prehistoric monument on the island from the Neolithic to the Chalcolithic age. Morphology and typology of the monument was examined and a 3D model created by the photogrammetric processing of a digital photo dataset using Agisoft Photoscan 3D Pro, an automatic 3D reconstruction Structure from Motion (SfM) based software offering a significant and innovative contribution to the recording and dissemination of archaeological data.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.1, 165-177; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.1.2017.10

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Costruzione e ricostruzione dell’Accademia di Villa Adriana: dall’analisi del monumento alla restituzione. Problemi e soluzioni nell’uso della tecnologia digitale

Adalberto Ottati

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to illustrate a study addressing the comprehension and architectural reconstruction of part of Hadrian’s Villa, the so called Accademia. The reconstruction of the monument has a double purpose: the understanding of the buildings and the creation of a virtual musealization. Archaeological data combined with digital reconstructions are aimed at making areas that are not accessible to visitors visible to users. In recent times, several reconstruction projects have been undertaken, producing relevant visual impacts. However, a careful study of the archaeological evidence often failed to support the reconstruction process. During the research project, a detailed survey of the archaeological evidence was conducted, using photogrammetry, photo scanning, and laser scanning techniques. The study produced important information accounting for both the building site and the construction choices made during the erection of the monument. The analysis generated new elements that allowed us to propose some new hypotheses regarding the identification and restitution of volumes, as well as the interpretation of some topographical, architectural and possibly ideological features. For this reason, the paper does not simply enquire into the reconstruction of an ancient building, but into the process of methodological experimentation required to understand, store, process and make data accessible, within the particular context of the Accademia. The methodological experimentation, based on a correct balance between new technologies and traditional research methods, helped us understand the monument, providing content to a reconstruction that otherwise would have been empty.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.1, 179-200; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.1.2017.11

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Tecniche di documentazione dei tappeti musivi del sito archeologico di Umm Al-Rasas – Kastron Mefaa (Giordania), con Appendice di P. Galatà, S. Zavagnini

Fausto Gabrielli, Damiano Portarena, Mauro Franceschinis

Abstract

The research expedition of the CNR-ITABC in the archaeological site of Umm Al-Rasas, near Madaba (Jordan) was partially supported by the Italian Foreign Ministry. It started in 2013 and was mainly focused on the 3D documentation of two Byzantine churches with magnificent floor mosaics, dedicated to Saint Stephen and Bishop Sergius respectively. To improve the analysis of the archaeological structures, different investigation techniques were used and reciprocally integrated, in an effort to create geometric models enabling the interpretation of data related to the masonry and floor mosaics, as well as to the documentation of the archaeological area. In order to facilitate handling and mobility, lightweight tools were chosen and Micro Photogrammetry and Close Range Photogrammetry methods were applied. A correct description of the floor warp was achieved thanks to laser scanner techniques and the resulting geometric data were integrated with the chromatic data coming from photogrammetry, obtaining a 3D restitution of the two adjacent structures and a metric and spatial analysis of their morphological features. New devices, specifically designed for the project, helped to solve some practical problems that the survey operations had to cope with during the fieldwork. This paper illustrates the results of the survey, which will be useful to develop restoration projects in order to make the whole archaeological site attractive to tourists.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.1, 201-218; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.1.2017.12

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

L’uso della tecnologia DEM nella documentazione archeologica. Alcune applicazioni in casi di scavo stratigrafico e nello studio dell’edilizia storica

Federico Zoni

Abstract

This paper describes a procedure of archaeological interpretation and representation based on DEM technology. Through different contexts of application the aim is to describe the potential of this procedure, useful for recreating all the stratigraphic complexity of an archaeological site. After an introduction and a short history of studies about the use of DEM in archaeological documentation, the Author illustrates two examples of archaeological excavation and two of archaeology of architecture. The first case study is the Castle of Castelpizigolo (Toano, RE): the DEM documentation was used for the production of automatic profile lines of every archaeological stratification. A similar result was obtained in the documentation of the second archaeological context, the site of Capo Don (Riva Ligure, IM). The subject of this investigation was a fireplace dating from Late Antiquity to the early medieval period. The second part was focused on the use of DEM in the archaeological analysis of buildings. A preliminary investigation was focused on an example of household architecture from the island of Rab (Croatia). The DEM was used for the interpretation of the origins of some architectural instabilities, caused by stratigraphic changes which occurred in the original building. The last case study was the rural church of S. Giusto in Marlia (LU), where DEM analysis gave a new interpretation about the archaeological evolution of this building. The procedure described in this paper is an innovative method for producing a faster and more accurate archaeological documentation and for giving a new archaeological tool for the stratigraphic interpretation of historical buildings.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.1, 219-238; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.1.2017.13

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Kainua Project: principles, theoretical framework and archaeological analysis

Andrea Gaucci

Abstract

The use of virtual reconstructions is an approach which has already been applied for past projects in the Etruscan city of Marzabotto. The Kainua Project, which aims at the virtual recreation of the whole Etruscan city, is based on the principles of the London and the Seville Charter. The modelling process of the virtual Kainua is based on a rigorous archaeological analysis. The ArchaeoBIM method, formed within the project, has been used to confirm the validation of the models and is therefore an important step towards a more detailed architectural analysis of non-preserved structures. The unexcavated areas of the Etruscan city were involved in a campaign of geophysical surveys, which were the basis for the recreation of wide areas of the city with a good approximation thanks to an interpretative scheme of the modules of the buildings and their allocation within the blocks. The virtual Kainua is first of all an analysis tool. As a matter of fact, through forms of interactivity and simulations the virtual model allows us to formulate important considerations about historical and social issues. The model, however, is also the base for an updated system for the fruition of the archaeological area by a wider audience, chiefly onsite and it becomes a decoding key that visitors can use during their visit.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 99-112; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.06

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

The craft settings in Kainua-Marzabotto: places and archaeological issues

Giulia Morpurgo, Chiara Pizzirani, Chiara Mattioli

Abstract

Excavations in the Etruscan city of Marzabotto, the ancient Kainua, have brought to light a well-developed production structure over time which, especially for the Etruscan world, makes Marzabotto an especially favourable, paradigmatic context for the study of this particular aspect. Thanks to the contributions from the most recent investigations, together with the revision of older excavation data, this theme has in recent years benefitted from a series of updated considerations. The quality and variety of the data collected permits analyses from multiple points of view, not only on an architectural and urban planning level, but also on social, economic and political-institutional levels.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 113-127; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.07

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Archaeological Building Information Modeling: beyond scalable representation of architecture and archaeology

Simone Garagnani

Abstract

The widespread use of technologies and processes aimed at information management is one of the main trends in today’s building industry. Collaboration, coordination and validation of design results are fostered by software and workflows that involve many disciplines. Taking into account these premises, this paper deals with the application of such a paradigm to the archaeological and architectural fields. The application to the particular case study of the Etruscan town of Kainua aspires to be exemplary, since it is referred to different metric scales, from the building to the urban settlement. The digital reconstruction of the whole town, which can be explored and studied by means of Virtual Reality, was validated from a philological point of view using an original interdisciplinary approach called ArchaeoBIM, i.e. a methodology that encompasses the information flow among different disciplines with the same interest in understanding, and virtually reconstructing, lost realities. Using this method, architectural proportions brought by existing literature, physical behaviours of materials and components, layouts of rooms and spaces regulated by rituals or historic traditions are collected in a model that is able to represent morphologies, analysis and functions. This model, basically a geometric database linking heterogeneous documents, can be used in many different ways, from analytic abstractions to static simulations, from solar analysis to visual renderings. It becomes a common language for information exchange among scholars and users interested in the dissemination and study of the cultural heritage.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 141-149; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.09

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

The ancient Digital Terrain Model and the infrastructure of the Etruscan city of Kainua

Aurelio Muzzarelli, Malik Franzoia

Abstract

This paper aims to explain the creation of the Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of Kainua, an Etruscan city founded, following a rigorous urban plan, at the beginning of the 5th century BCE. This DTM was used as the basis for the virtual reconstruction of Kainua landscape from an urban to an architectural scale in a three-dimensional digital model, visualized in an interactive and immersive approach. The DTM was developed using different sources of elevation data, in order to take into account the geo-morphological transformations occurred in that area from the Etruscan period to the present day. The causes of these changes were natural (due to erosion phenomena) and anthropic (due to excavations for construction of transport infrastructure as well as those which occurred partly due to improvements made by landowners and partly to archaeologists who first began a systematic campaign of site studies). On positioning on the DTM, an analysis of the metrology and of the infrastructure of the ancient city (streets and sewers) made it possible to create a renewed vision and to propose a hypothesis for reconstructing the incomplete, or as yet unstudied, parts of the city, which only further excavations will confirm.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 151-164; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.10

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Building materials and virtual models of the Etruscan city of Kainua

Bojana Gruška, Giacomo Mancuso, Enrico Zampieri

Abstract

The paper aims to explain the analytical method used to virtually recreate the houses of the Etruscan city of Marzabotto. As stated in the title, the starting point of the process was the analysis conducted on the tangible archaeological evidence of building materials; these latter were fully integrated with data provided by the ancient sources and the latest technology. Next, the problems and the solutions adopted in order to recreate the houses are presented. In the last section the criteria used for the visual restitution of the unexcavated context of the ancient city are explained.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 165-176; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.11

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

The Acquarossa Memory Project. Reconstructing an Etruscan town

Patricia S. Lulof, Maarten H. Sepers

Abstract

Digital techniques and cultural heritage connect, in an innovative way, new and old within the Humanities. In this new project, an Etruscan townscape will be recreated; modelled results created by the 4D Research Lab will be integrated in an Archaeological Park and Museum in such a way that international scholars and visitors can acknowledge and study 3D reconstructions of a series of Etruscan houses within their successive phases of creation, function, reception, destruction, and reconstruction. Acquarossa is an Etruscan town near Viterbo, Italy. Excavations carried out by the Swedish Institute in Rome revealed a series of Etruscan houses, inhabited from the 8th century BC until the middle of the 6th century BC, when the town was suddenly and inexplicably abandoned. The houses were left to crumble and the remains of the foundations, the walls and the decorated roofs, as well as the thousands of household utensils, were all found in situ. It is one of the very few examples of an intact Etruscan townscape, with a unique set of family dwellings from the past. The remnants of the houses were partially reconstructed in the 1980s and covered with soil, but others were left to be destroyed by weather conditions. The site was left to vanish completely. Since 2014, the 4D Research Lab of the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Amsterdam has been involved in an interdisciplinary research project, in collaboration with the private partner Azienda Agrituristica Raffaele Rocchi, the proprietor of the site, which focuses on the reconstruction of a set of houses in annotated 3D models. The 3D models will be used to build ‘actual’ guesthouses at the site itself, for which permission from the Soprintendenza per i Beni archeologici del Lazio e dell’Etruria Meridionale has been granted. The project aims to analyse the house architecture, roof decoration and building processes through 3D modelling and scanning.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 233-242; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.17

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Understanding Etruscan art and architecture through 3D modeling: the case of Volterra

Emanuele Taccola, Lisa Rosselli

Abstract

Nowadays, archaeology and modern 3D modelling and representation technologies form an unbreakable bond, considered essential and indispensable by many experts and scholars. Although with different goals and purposes, new hardware and software available and specially designed web platforms allow the archaeologist adequately trained to create, visualize, analyze, and share 3D data derived from computer graphics or from image- and range-based acquisition procedures. Currently, a very important topic is the relationship between user and 3D model: from the simple passive fruition, we are moving increasingly towards a real interaction within immersive virtual environments. In this sense, the contribution of the archaeologist is critical to determine what to display and what to interact with, according to the end user and his skills and knowledge. In fact, the following case studies related to sites, monuments and artefacts of the Etruscan town of Volterra represent the evolution of this interaction/relationship, helping to make the fruition of archaeological evidence, that at present is still difficult to access and understanding, easier and more interesting.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 243-252; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.18

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Scanning and visualization of Roman Adriatic townscapes

Frank Vermeulen

Abstract

Since 2000 a team from Ghent University has achieved intensive non-invasive intra-site prospections on four abandoned Roman towns in central Adriatic Italy (Marche Region): the coastal colony of Potentia and the inland municipia of Ricina, Trea and Septempeda. These urban surveys include total coverage geophysical prospections (such as GPR, geomagnetic and earth resistance approaches), low altitude aerial photography (including NIR photography with drone and helikite), geomorphological augerings, surface artifact collection, and micro-topographical field measurements. A GIS-based integration of all survey data, maps and re-studied legacy data has procured a formidable database for the computer-aided digital 3D mapping and interpretation of these complex ancient sites. The methodological acquisitions and archaeological results not only contribute to the understanding of Roman urbanization in this part of Italy, but also support and innovate the use of integrated approaches to geospatial mapping and analysis of ancient urban environments. Based on earlier experiences with 3D visualizations of the abandoned Roman town of Ammaia in Lusitania, as part of the EC funded Project ‘Radiography of the Past’ (http://www2.radiopast.eu/), the project in Adriatic Italy moves now towards presenting the new data in digital formats that allow specialists from archaeology and cultural heritage management, as well as the wider public to immerse into the visual world of Roman Late Republican and Imperial townscapes of a whole valley and its coastal environment.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 269-276; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.20

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

The Iberian town of Ullastret (Catalonia). An Iron Age urban agglomeration reconstructed virtually

Ferran Codina, Gabriel de Prado, Isis Ruiz, Albert Sierra

Abstract

The Iberian town of Ullastret (6th-2nd centuries BC), in the NE of the Iberian Peninsula, is one of the most important Iron Age archaeological sites in the north-western Mediterranean. It consists of two residential areas, Puig de Sant Andreu and Illa d’enReixac. Separated by only 300 m, together they make up the capital of the Iberian tribe known as the Indiketes, mentioned by classical authors such as Avienus, Ptolemy and Strabo. Decades of continuous archaeological investigation, and especially the geophysics surveys undertaken in recent years, have given us an overall view of the urban structure of this dipolis and its immediate territory, which was occupied and exploited intensively starting mainly in the 4th century BC. This high degree of theoretical knowledge led us to propose the creation of a virtual reconstruction of the whole complex, as well as its contextualisation in its geomorphologic and landscape surroundings. This 3D modelling is an excellent research tool that permits the formulation-validation of hypotheses for architectural reconstruction. It is also especially useful for the creation of applications that add to our knowledge of this heritage site and aid in its presentation and dissemination.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 311-320; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.24

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Tharros - Capo San Marco in the Phoenician and Punic Age. Geophysical investigations and virtual rebuilding

Anna Chiara Fariselli, Federica Boschi, Michele Silani, Melania Marano

Abstract

The project described in this paper was started in 2012 and concerns the study of the relationship between the urban and suburban districts of the Phoenician and Punic city of Tharros (Cabras, Oristano). The structures of Phoenician and Punic Tharros have been largely cancelled by the Roman occupation. For this reason it is very difficult to determine the original function of many of the neighbourhoods during the Carthaginian period. The archaeological excavation primarily involved the southern necropolis of Capo San Marco. The cemetery must still be fully explored and understood under several aspects, mainly because of the devastation of the site caused by the repeated plundering of the ancient tombs which occurred during the 19th century. In addition to the new dig activities, a 3D topographical survey aimed at the complete documentation of the site and at the virtual rebuilding of the Phoenician and Punic funerary landscape was completed. Another goal of the project is the insertion of this sector of the promontory into the usual tourist route, in order to foster the public fruition of Capo San Marco, while continuing to adopt proper scientific methods and modern techniques. In this direction, geophysical prospecting surveys were carried out in the southern sector of the Capo San Marco, near the so-called ‘Rustic Temple’, in order to assess human presence in the farthest point of the Sinis peninsula (characterised by the presence of the Late Punic ruins of a probable light-house with sacred functions), and across the whole isthmus Sa Codriola towards the hill of San Giovanni, with the aim of analysing the northern boundary of the cemetery and its relationship to the city. The Punic-Roman settlement is now enclosed in the archaeological park, which is a fraction of what was supposed to be the administrative capital of Carthage in Sardinia. 3D modelling and virtual reconstructions were focused also on the residential Punic and Roman area inside the park. The integrated application of the most advanced topographical and geophysical techniques to the site greatly contributed to the recording and understanding of the ancient landscape.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 321-331; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.25

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

New methodologies to analyze and study the Hellenistic-Roman quarter in Agrigento

Giuseppe Lepore, Enrico Giorgi, Vincenzo Baldoni, Federica Boschi, Maria Concetta Parello, Maria Serena Rizzo

Abstract

The Agrigento: insula III Project began in 2016 thanks to an agreement between the Parco Archeologico e Paesaggistico Valle dei Templi di Agrigento and DiSCi - Bologna University; it aims to document an entire sector of the Hellenistic-Roman quarter, in a three-year period. The main goal is to start a systematic study of private housing from the Archaic period to Late Antiquity and, at the same time, provide a critical understanding of the town planning scheme in this part of the town, which still lacks a modern archaeological and topographical documentation. The interpretation of the previous documentation is the starting point, along with new mapping with laser scanning and a systematic campaign of geophysical investigations to obtain a BIM. As the Bologna University tradition teaches, modern technologies can answer precise historical and archaeological questions: what are the primary phases of the town map? Which one is the starting module of each lot and what are the changes in different ages? Is it possible to reconstruct the original architecture of Hellenistic houses? What is the relationship between this quarter and the rest of the town? The integration of traditional investigational techniques with more recent ones is the methodological assumption of the project, in order to solve the analysis of the complex stratigraphy of the setting, which was inhabited for at least a millennium, from the Archaic to the Middle Ages.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 353-360; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.28

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Seeing into the past: integrating 3D documentation and non-invasive prospecting methods for the analysis, understanding and reconstruction of the ancient Pompeii. The case of the House of Obellio Firmo (IX, 14)

Michele Silani, Enrico Giorgi, Federica Boschi, Gabriele Bitelli, Alberta Martellone

Abstract

In 2015 the Department of History and Cultures of the Bologna University took part in the Grande Progetto Pompei - Piano della Conoscenza, with the task of providing a modern and complete documentation of the so-called Lotto 3 in Pompeii. The new survey was carried out by means of integrated innovative diagnostic survey techniques in order to provide a total documentary research of the whole sector. In 2016 a new project was started in agreement with the competent Superintendency, and focused on the study and preservation of the House of Obellio Firmo, included in the Lotto 3 of the Roman city. The new research contemplates an in-depth analysis of the building, employing systematic laser scanning and photogrammetry methods to generate an accurate 3D model of the house. This model is going to constitute the starting point for the further analysis of the wall stratigraphies and for the mapping and monitoring of the structures’ state of decay. The full-scale analytical documentation of the building also includes a detailed geophysical mapping of all the accessible domestic spaces, by using the ground penetrating radar technique. The preliminary results achieved by the non-invasive prospecting survey, integrated with the analysis of the surviving walls and building techniques, supply valid information for the archaeological interpretation of the house’s history. In order to allow the management and sharing of the information collected, the data are going to be organised within a building information model (BIM) with a triple objective: the reconstruction of a fragment of the ancient urban landscape in Pompeii during the oldest phase, with particular attention directed to the Samnitic period; the outlining of a precise strategy of intervention for the restoration and preservation of the House of Obellio Firmo; the re-opening of the building to sightseeing tours and its restitution to public use.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 361-367; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.29

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Reconstructing the Late Antiquity Episcopal Complex of Valentia

Isabel Escrivà, José J. Marín, Albert Ribera, Miquel Rosselló, Alfredo Santonja

Abstract

In Valencia, near the Cathedral, the Almoina Archaeological Center is the most important excavation area in the city. The buildings dated to Late Antiquity found here were the main ones of this period. The Cathedral, the Baptistery, the Mausoleum, the Memorial of Saint Vincent martyrdom, some reused Roman buildings (Curia, Asklepieion), some necropoleis and other minor constructions have been identified. We are also aware of a large but incomplete Episcopal Complex (we have not yet identified the bishop’s palace). Little by little this important quarter of the town has been reconstructed infographically. The virtual reconstruction project of Valencia was begun in 1999. In that year we presented the first proposal of the reconstruction of the city during the Roman Republican, Roman Empire and Late Antiquity periods. New and up-dated versions with new archaeological remains and the applications of technological advances were made in 2003 and 2007. For this work, which is still in progress, we have always followed the same methodology. We are now able to present the latest proposal (2016-2017) about the exterior and interior appearance of the main important quarter in Valentia around 600 AD.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 369-377; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.30

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Preliminary results of the Castelmonardo Project

Valeria Poscetti, Saverio Giulio Malatesta, Virginia Cirilli, Francesco Lella, Vito Rondinelli, Salvatore Esposito, Marco Balsi

Abstract

The remains of the medieval town of Castelmonardo (Calabria, Italy) are located on a hill, a few kilometers SE from the modern town of Filadelfia (Vibo Valentia). Since the 1970s archaeological excavations have been carried out in selected areas of the hill. However, a systematic archaeological investigation of the whole archaeological site has never been conducted before. The paper presents the preliminary results of the first archaeological prospection conducted in Castelmonardo by means of advanced remote sensing techniques, with the goal of achieving a first GIS-based digital mapping of the archaeological site. The recently developed UAV LiDAR technology, consisting in the use of high precision laser scanners mounted on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), commonly known as drones, was applied to realize a high resolution digital terrain model (DTM) of the site. Integrating the LiDAR data with web GIS based aerial images, a preliminary archaeological interpretation of the whole archaeological site was conducted, offering a suitable base for further analysis and virtual reconstructions. The work presented here was conducted as part of a recently initiated research project focused on Castelmonardo, led by the Department of Art History and Performing Arts - Sapienza University of Rome, and conducted in cooperation with DigiLab Research and Services - Sapienza University of Rome, Istituzione Comunale Castelmonardo - Filadelfia (Italy), the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology - Vienna (Austria), Virtutim srls and the Italian company OBEN s.r.l.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 391-402; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.32

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

A 3D environment to rebuild virtually the so-called Augusteum in Herculaneum

Andrea D'Andrea, Angela Bosco, Marco Barbarino

Abstract

Computer graphics and three-dimensional modelling techniques have extended the possibilities of archaeologists in the creation of virtual reconstruction of ancient sites and monuments. Modern computational systems allow the implementation of computer-generated scenarios tailored on human cognitive capacities. Although Virtual Archaeology is not a novelty in the panorama of archaeological methods, there is no agreement among scholars on the minimal parameters necessary to virtually rebuild an ancient context, nor is there any requirement needed to guarantee the accuracy and the effectiveness of the final reconstruction; the strength of a model is based mainly on the capacity of the archaeologist to check the final result in terms of comparison between interpretations and hypotheses. The paper aims at exploring how the archaeologists could perform their work in a computational laboratory thanks to shared 3D models. The case study selected is the recent virtual reconstruction of the so-called Basilica in Herculaneum, a monument - 250 years after its discovery - still largely unexplained. The building is completely buried by volcanic lava save for part of its entrance porch. It was extensively explored using tunnels and looted by its early excavators. Different scholars have rebuilt the monument mainly on the basis of two plans, drawn in the 18th century, and few notes taken by the archaeologists during the exploration. The 3D model, carried out by integrating cad modelling with close-range photogrammetry, is intended to highlight some controversial parts of the reconstructions. Metadata associated to the digital replica describe the physical object and register all phases from data-acquisition to data-visualization in order to allow the validation of the model and the use or re-use of the digital resource.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 437-446; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.35

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Using laser scanner technology to analyse mud-brick architecture in the ancient Near East. The Palatial Complex of Arslantepe (Malatya, Turkey)

Giovanna Liberotti, Corrado Alvaro

Abstract

This paper presents the preliminary results of a laser scanning survey carried out at the archaeological mound site of Arslantepe, located in eastern Turkey. The Italian Archaeological Expedition in Eastern Anatolia has largely brought to light its long history spanning from the 6th millennium BCE to the Byzantine period. The most outstanding evidence unearthed so far is a group of remarkably well preserved monumental buildings erected during the final centuries of the 4th millennium BCE, when the economic and political centralization reached its climax. Recently, the whole area became an open-air museum protecting the archaeological structures from climatic stress and enabling visitors to have a glimpse of the monumental complex as it was. The laser scanning survey was aimed at aiding the interpretation of the archaeological features through extremely accurate measurements as well as to provide the researchers with structural and condition monitoring of the surfaces overtime. Given the ever-changing plastic shape that mud-brick buildings take on over the time, this survey turned out to be an interesting challenge for testing laser scanner technology, since it is not easy to connect to any regular design.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 447-455; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.36

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Geomatics approach to surveys for Late Antiquity buildings. The Episcopal Palace in Side, Turkey

Moisés Hernández Cordero

Abstract

Side is one of the best preserved cities of Antiquity in the historical Pamphylia area of Anatolia, current Antalya, Turkey. This archaeological site shows numerous standing structures and monuments spanning from the 7th century BC to the 12th century AD. The aerial and terrestrial survey conducted in 2016 was centred on the so called Episcopal Palace and the Fountain area with a total surveyed surface of 5,900 mq. The aim of the work was to analyse and recreate the existing structures in a 3D environment to help in later research questions like architectural features, building construction design and upgrades or location of the palace within the urban area. This paper intends to highlight the value of an accurate ground control point network to record an ancient urban site and its advantages when using CAD and GIS software. Moreover, it will also focus on the methodology used to capture the data used on the area of the Episcopal Palace to create an accurate 3D reconstruction of the remaining structures (with Structure from Motion) for further analysis and interpretations; merge classic survey methods (Total Station and Global Positioning Systems) with relatively new methodologies and hardware (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle); check and test the accuracy and the derived errors (data surveying gaps, traversing adjustments, coordinate and projection systems) that arise during post-processing (ellipsoid/geoid highs differences, noise reduction, fusion between datasets). Possible uses of the created/resulting data from the georeferenced point clouds, the model as a visual tool (orthophotos and 3D Mesh) for classic planning (elevations and sections) and its utility in a GIS environment (ArcScene) are also discussed. At the end of the paper report, some questions about the utility of the 3D reconstructions and models in Heritage as well as their utility for the archaeological record will be discussed.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 457-467; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.37

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Multi-temporal images and 3D dense models for archaeological site monitoring in Hierapolis of Phrygia (TK)

Filiberto Chiabrando, Giulia Sammartano, Antonia Spanò, Grazia Semeraro

Abstract

Archaeological site monitoring and updating can nowadays benefit from the contribution of geomatic techniques. In recent times, image-based and range-based measurement systems have become increasingly interesting in excavation processes for monitoring purposes and large scale mapping, both from a terrestrial and aerial point of view. The paper will focus on the great challenge of monitoring sites over time, integrating and conforming multiple data coming from previous metric survey projects and image data collected in the past for different purposes. The test-site was the complex archaeological landscape of the ancient city of Hierapolis in Phrygia on which the MAIER – Italian Archaeological Mission of Hierapolis has operated since the 1960s and where the Politecnico di Torino conducted several survey campaigns. A set of multi-temporal datasets acquired in a series of campaigns in 1997, 2002, 2007, 2012, 2015 are presented, as well as their 3D multi-sensor models; the older dense models generated with archival images are intended to be compared and integrated with newer models generated by the LiDAR scans in 2012 and the UAV systems employed in the last mission in 2015. In particular, the case study was the massive complex of the ancient Bath-Church in the northern part of the city below the Northern Necropolis, and Building A of the Apollo Sanctuary, in the central Sacred Area near the Ancient Theatre. In these sites, many different sensors have been experimented with over the years and preliminary multi-temporal data integration has been tested in order to up-date and improve older archival records based on collected images and related to newer and updated documentation projects.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 469-484; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.38

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Knowledge and valorization of historical sites through low-cost, gaming sensors and H-BIM models. The case study of Liternum

Valeria Cera

Abstract

The paper presents the results of an interdisciplinary project related to the 3D documentation, dissemination and valorisation of archaeological sites. The project has two goals: to test a novel and economic pipeline for the acquisition of survey data, and to promote the study and appreciation of archaeological areas, among public and scientists, using the HBIM workflow. The 3D survey of archaeological sites is still an expensive and time-consuming task. In this project, a low-cost approach to 3D survey is presented and compared to a standard photogrammetry pipeline based on high-resolution photographs. The pipeline is based on a consumer-level hand-held RGB-D sensor as Microsoft Kinect. The quality of the digitized raw 3D models is evaluated by comparing them to a photogrammetry-based reconstruction and then the acquired data is elaborated in software BIM in order to create a semantically enriched model of the archaeological site. This method has been verified on the archaeological park of Liternum (Campania, Italy), a Roman forum that includes a capitolium, a theatre, a basilica and some others commercial spaces. Using a reflex camera for the photogrammetric survey, it was compared to the Kinect acquisition. In this way, we obtained a 3D model that is imported in a BIM software such as Autodesk Revit. Every element is modelled as a parametric object so the final model is enriched with additional information: geometric dimensions, material, text documents, CAAD reconstruction hypotheses, drawings, photos, etc. These methods allowed us to better understand the site, perform analyses, see interpretative processes, communicate historical information and promote the heritage location.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 497-506; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.40

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Digital acquisition: reflections on data quality

Alfonso Ippolito, Martina Attenni, Cristiana Bartolomei

Abstract

In the past twenty years archaeological survey has changed radically thanks to the progress in the field of technology, in particular concerning 3D massive acquisition methods. A variety of data acquisition modes, based on active and passive sensor systems, is increasingly easier to access and use to document cultural heritage. The scientific debate focuses primarily on two issues: the use of free or proprietary software, and the control over data quality, in terms of metric accuracy, by comparing 3D image-based acquisition methods with consolidated methods (laser scansion and/or topographic survey). Collecting, interpreting and filing a large amount of information helps to define a system we can use to understand our archaeological heritage. The system is based on the scientific process used to achieve a dual objective: first, to document acquisition using a heterogeneous set of data (x, y, z and RGB) and metadata (information processing) and guarantee repeatability; secondly, to ensure data quality during acquisition and processing. Data processing obtained using 3D massive acquisition methods makes it possible to build models characterized by a biunivocal correspondence to the real object, studied from a geometric and spatial point of view. The study focuses on the shift from quantitative data, acquired in a semi-automatic manner, to qualitative data, meticulously controlled as regards to uncertainty. In this framework, all branches of the Science of Representation ensure metric, spatial and formal control of the built models. The study of the 13th century Gates of the city of Bologna have so far led to the development of a scientific process providing important data about metric quality vis-à-vis, the scale of the model.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 507-519; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.41

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Integrative GIS-based investigation of the medieval fortress architecture of Pfalz, incorporating photogrammetry, geoinformatics and landscape analysis

Aaron Pattee, Armin Volkmann, Matthias Untermann

Abstract

This study explores the integration of photogrammetry, laser-scanning, GIS (Geographical Information Systems), and textual analysis to create a more holistic understanding of the effect of the landscape on medieval fortress design, position, and strategy in the area of Kaiserslautern, Germany, during the Middle Ages. The case study is composed of six defensive structures that served as key components to a larger network of fortresses built throughout the region of the Pfalz from 1050-1300 AD during the period of the High Middle Ages. All six structures will be modelled and linked into the digital landscape in GIS, with contextual information derived from historical documents creating a more complete depiction of the medieval territory once controlled by these prominent structures. The interdisciplinary nature of the project spanning art history, archaeology, anthropology, and computer science makes it both innovative and experimental. Access to high resolution models of the structures without having to be physically present at the sites is a significant advantage both for researching the architecture of the structures and for digital preservation efforts. The integrative technological approach will help determine the historical environment and efficacy of the buildings, potentially shedding light on the original designs that have been lost throughout the centuries.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 521-530; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.42

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

The Nora Virtual Tour: an immersive visit in the ancient city

Jacopo Bonetto, Arturo Zara

Abstract

The ancient city of Nora was a Phoenician, Punic and Roman settlement rising on a peninsula in the south-western coast of Sardinia. Since 1990, the University of Padova has been carrying on an interdisciplinary research project of excavation, architectural analysis, historical reconstruction and cultural promotion of tourism in this site. The excavations allow us to increase our knowledge of Middle Imperial Roman urban planning and to get a better understanding of the whole city and its history; the restoration of excavated monuments using gravels with different colours helps more than 60,000 tourists every year to recognize the function of different areas. In spite of this, visitors experience difficulty in understanding a landscape of ruins with barely visible evidence. Thus, a complete virtual reconstruction of the ancient city has become essential. 3D models of the Phoenician and Roman settlement have been developed, reshaping archaeological plans produced in 25 years by Universities that work in the site. The main monuments of the Roman city and the major crossroads have been rendered in greater detail, using sample-based textures that give a photorealistic effect and implementing the models with furniture and decorations selected through reliable sources of information. 3D reconstructions are now available for tourist groups led by a guide in the Nora Virtual Tour: stereoscopic images have been rendered and uploaded in an app for mobile headsets that provides immersive virtual reality for the users. The guide controls the devices with a tablet using a Bluetooth connection: at the beginning of the visit, the tourists can view equirectangular panoramas of the ruins taken from a helicopter, then they are accompanied to hot-spots where the ancient monuments are shown in an evocative Roman reconstruction.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 531-538; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.43

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

3D digital technologies for architectural analysis. The case of the ‘Pagan Shrine’ in the Catacombs of Santa Lucia (Siracusa, Sicily)

Ilenia Gradante, Davide Tanasi

Abstract

The Catacombs of Santa Lucia are one of the oldest and most important monuments in the Christian communities of Siracusa and Sicily in the late Roman period. The name of the complex derives from a tradition, according to which Saint Lucy was buried here, after her martyrdom in the early 4th century AD, under the reign of Diocletian. A large underground cemetery extends beneath the homonymous square. The cemetery gradually expanded from the 3rd to the 5th century AD, as it incorporated pre-existing constructions once used for funerary, religious and industrial purposes, by transforming them into monumental burial chambers. One of the most significant structures is the so-called ‘Pagan Shrine’: a chamber that is dated between the 3rd century BC and 1st century AD, prior to the foundation of the cemetery and frescoed with worldly themes and pagan deities. The Shrine is located in the South-western corner of Regio C, an area that is hard and rather dangerous to reach, never opened to the public and visited only by few scholars over the past decades. The excavation project undertaken in the years 2011-2015 by the Pontifical Commission of Sacred Archaeology, in association with the Arcadia University and the University of Catania, led to the development of the first virtual replica of the Shrine, using Digital Photogrammetry. This new approach facilitated an accurate examination of both its structure and its decoration, allowing us to propose a new theory about the original purpose of the room, traditionally regarded by scholars as a place for worshipping Zeus Peloros.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 581-586; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.48

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Reconstruction of Villino Florio’s wooden ceiling using 3D technologies

Francesco Gabellone, Ivan Ferrari

Abstract

This work originated from a simple question: is it possible to reconstruct a destroyed architectural decorative element starting from documents that describe its details, shape and constitutive materials? An important limitation in the past was the lack of technologies and materials that could replicate an object like this in detail. Only a few years ago technology was not yet able to ensure accurate reconstruction characterized by an adequate formal aesthetic level both in terms of materials and finishes. Nowadays, this gap has been filled thanks to the development of Computer Numerical Control machines (CNC) in production processes. In this contribution, we present part of the restoration of Villino Florio in Palermo, built by the architect Ernesto Basile on behalf of the Florio family between 1899 and 1902 and partially destroyed by a fire in 1962: it is one of Italy’s first architectural works in the Art Nouveau style, and is considered a masterwork within the European panorama. The restoration, directed by the Soprintendenza BB.CC.AA. Di Palermo, also involved the monumental staircase, with a complex wooden floral pattern (‘ramage’) used to decorate the ceiling. Starting from the relief of the environment and from the old photographic documents, a 3D model of the ramage was retrieved. This formed the basis of information necessary for the subsequent reproduction of the subject with CNC machines on oak modules, assembled and finished just as they appeared in the photographs before the fire. A numerical approach made it possible to control the entire process by adopting structural solutions to avoid overloading the ceiling with excessive weight.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 587-590; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.49

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

3D technologies for a critical reading and philological presentation of ancient contexts

Francesco Gabellone, Ivan Ferrari, Francesco Giuri, Maria Chiffi

Abstract

This paper demonstrates how low cost 3D visualization techniques can be easily used for the transmission of historical and cultural content in museum communication strategy. Specifically, we used computer 3D animation graphics to present information about Queen Nefertari, the Maya chapel and the tomb of Kha in the specific exhibition in the Egyptian Museum of Turin. Movie documentaries support the thematic itineraries of the rooms and offer a virtual trip to the places where the goods displayed were found. The same approach was used for the virtual reconstruction of two Pompeian contexts: the House of the Golden Bracelet and the House of Octavius Quartio. Our research allowed us to create an accurate representation of gardens, statues, architectural spaces, and pools with fountains and frescoed rooms, all virtually reproduced in their original context, using communication methods that combine technology with a synthetic and emotional approach. Techniques of close range photogrammetry made it possible to conduct a 3D survey of sixteen statues and other architectural elements; lost artefacts were reconstructed and areas destroyed by the eruption of 79 AD were evoked. The eruption was partially represented, with fluid dynamic simulations and computer graphics effects in order to transmit accurate scientific information in a simple and immediate language developed by lengthy technical experiments. The synthesis imposed by the short duration of the movie required matching all this information with a self-explanatory approach, which allows the visitor to understand the characteristics of the archaeological goods displayed in the exhibition in a general view that repeats colours, sounds and suggestions of the environments destroyed two thousand years ago.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 591-595; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.50

2017 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Etruscan rock-cut tombs with decorated façades. A 3D approach

Tatiana Votroubeková

Abstract

This paper reports an aspect of the on-going project of my dissertation thesis at the Institute for Classical Archaeology at Charles University in Prague and concerns the application of multi-image photogrammetry technique in the documentation of the Etruscan rock-cut tomb façades. Etruscan rock-cut tombs with decorated façades are located in the inland area of Southern Etruria (currently Tuscany and Lazio, Italy). This paper focuses on the architecture of the tombs dated to the Hellenistic period (from the 4th century BC to the end of the 3rd-beginning of the 2nd century BC), when a significant change in architecture of the tombs took place. The aim of this paper is to show how 3D models acquired with the multi-image photogrammetry technique can serve as a tool for the archaeological analysis of the tomb façades. The acquired data and 3D models can be used for the documentation and digital preservation of the tomb decorations, which are exposed to heavy erosion mainly caused by water and vegetation. This paper also explains how acquired data can serve as well for the creation of the virtual reconstruction and virtual anastylosis of the tomb façades with missing fragments of decorations or fragments scattered around sites or in museums.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2017, 28.2, 609-615; doi: 10.19282/AC.28.2.2017.53

2016 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

ArchaeoBIM: dallo scavo al Building Information Modeling di una struttura sepolta. Il caso del tempio tuscanico di Uni a Marzabotto

Simone Garagnani, Andrea Gaucci, Elisabetta Govi

Abstract

The model of the Tuscanic Temple of Uni in Marzabotto, recently discovered, has been a common ground for engineering and archaeological studies, thanks to the processing of a Building Information Modeling (BIM). Beside the historic and archaeological analysis, the innovation of this study concerns the examination of the Etruscan temple as a three-dimensional building, with the use of technologies which impact on the architectural reliability of the model, and the design of a new method of Experimental Archaeology based on a virtual approach. The uniqueness of this approach lies in the study of original elements at the starting point of the building process, that consist in foundations or spoliated structures (i.e. negative evidences), over the clues from the historical and scientific literature. To better define this distinctive working process, the expression ArchaeoBIM has been proposed. With this expression we underline the common BIM matrix in the data management through integrated analytical models, applied to a particular aspect of the archaeological research.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2016, 27, 251-270; doi: 10.19282/AC.27.2016.13

2016 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Prospettive sull’utilizzo del Building Information Modelling (BIM) in archeologia

Alberto Licheri

Abstract

The significant technological advances in restoration methods and the potential of three-dimensional graphical representation of monuments have brought huge benefits to the understanding and communication of the archaeological heritage. At the same time, they have formed, and continue to be, a critical issue that has forced the scientific community to question and discuss the methods and principles universally recognized and shared that are applied in virtual archaeological reconstruction. The impetus given by the evolution of the software representation of three-dimensional graphics, also open source, prompted a massive production of images of hypothetical virtual reconstructions which adhere more or less to the historical data. This modus operandi has come up against the fundamental principle of scientific transparency and critical interpretation of the work. To deal with this problem a possible evolution of computer-based visualization applied to archaeology is required to analyze and question the three-dimensional models produced, so that they can be modified on the basis of the new acquisitions and new interpretations. A model that seems appropriate and feasible for achieving this is the Building Information Modelling (BIM), or the model of data and information that constructs a building, based on the standard format open source IFC.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2016, Supplemento 8, 197-202

2016 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Making movies: nuove frontiere per la comunicazione audiovisiva del passato

Emanuel Demetrescu, Augusto Palombini, Eva Pietroni, Massimiliano Forlani, Claudio Rufa

Abstract

The paper presents some of the work performed by the VH Lab of CNR-ITABC team in the last ten years, by analyzing the state of the art of video making for Cultural Heritage. Today it is possible to obtain high quality movies on low budgets. Moreover, scholars have the advantage, in comparison to the movie industry, of the easy availability of a large number of highly skilled specialists with specific expertise and know-how. New tools and methods now available are shaping innovative creative languages and will lead to new types of jobs and working opportunities.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2016, Supplemento 8, 203-210

2016 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Torre dei Sicconi: progetto di ricostruzione e valorizzazione di un antico sito castellare trentino

Nicoletta Pisu, Alessandro Bezzi, Luca Bezzi, Cicero Moraes

Abstract

The old castle of Torre Sicconi was founded in 1201 by the Caldonazzo family on the hill (Monte Rive, TN) which rises above the village. In 1385 the fortress was badly damaged during the conflict against enemy troops from Vicenza and Verona. The castle was partially rebuilt in the same place, but during 16th century the political and social changes led to a progressive abandonment of the site. The ruins were definitively destroyed in 1915 by the Austro-Hungarian army. In 2005 the city council of Caldonazzo and the Archaeological Superintendency of Trento started a project to restore the site of Torre Sicconi. The project was divided into three phases: first, the castle was investigated by archaeologists who discovered many of the original buildings; then, the walls were consolidated and repaired and, in the meantime, the entire hill was converted from a wood to a botanical garden; lastly, all the data collected from the different research projects (historical, archaeological, architectural, survey, remote sensing, etc.) were used to rebuild the castle in a Virtual Reality World.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2016, Supplemento 8, 263-270

2016 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

FACCE. I molti volti della storia umana. Una mostra open source

Telmo Pievani, Moreno Tiziani, Alessandro Bezzi, Luca Bezzi, Cicero Moraes, Nicola Carrara

Abstract

In 2012 a partnership between Arc-Team s.r.l., Antrocom onlus and the Museum of Anthropology (University of Padua) started the Taung project, whose aim was the facial reconstruction of the fossil known as Taung child, a specimen of Australopithecus africanus discovered by Raymond Dart in 1924. It was a perfect pilot project of open research, developed with open tools and focused on sharing knowledge and data. On the basis of this experience, three years later the same partnership organized the exhibition called FACCE. I molti volti della storia umana, which opened to the general public in Padua on the 14th of February 2015. The main topics of this exhibition were the human face and the reconstruction of 27 skulls, 22 of them related to human evolution and 5 related to famous people connected to Padua (St. Anthony of Padua, Luca Belludi, Francesco Petrarca, Giovanni Battista Morgagni and the mummy of an Egyptian priest preserved in the museum’s collection). The common thread of this exhibition offers an opportunity to address well-known anthropology issues, highlighting how the boundaries of the study of this discipline have changed a lot over time, often coming to overturn today what was affirmed in the past. The main characteristic of this event is the fact that it can be considered an open source exhibition, maybe the first of its kind. All processes, from the scanning of skulls using Computer Vision techniques to the modelling of the faces and presentation of the results to the media, were performed using only Free and Open Source Software. Moreover, all the products (images, videos and augmented reality apps) will be released under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution, which is a kind of license approved for free cultural work.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2016, Supplemento 8, 271-279

2015 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Sperimentazione di tecniche BIM sull’archeologia romana: il caso delle strutture rinvenute all’interno della cripta della chiesa dei SS. Sergio e Bacco in Roma

Andrea Scianna, Mirella Serlorenzi, Susanna Gristina, Mauro Filippi, Silvia Paliaga

Abstract

This paper illustrates a step in the research that the GISLab (CNR-UNIPA) has been conducting on the development of informative systems for Cultural Heritage. In particular, it shows a methodology used to describe archaeological sites through 3D models integrated with databases. Models are implemented with BIM software. They are made searchable through the connection with a Relational Database Management System and shareable on the web. The case study, analyzed in collaboration with the Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma (SSBAR), concerns an application on the Roman structures found in the Crypt of the Church of SS. Sergio e Bacco in Rome. The BIM application we experimented also shows how to use in the archaeological field semantic and parametric solid modeling integrated with 3D standardized and all-inclusive databases that are finally manageable in the public cloud.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2015, Supplemento 7, 199-212

2014 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

3D modelling in the agora of Segesta: techniques and data interpretation

Riccardo Olivito, Emanuele Taccola

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to illustrate the techniques used for data collection, elaboration and interpretation during the archaeological investigation in the agora of Segesta, conducted by the Laboratorio di Scienze dell’Antichità (LSA) of the Scuola Normale Superiore and the Laboratorio di Disegno e Restauro (LADIRE) of the Dipartimento di Civiltà e Forme del Sapere of Pisa University. The use of close-range photogrammetry, both terrestrial and aerial, combined with traditional drawing techniques, allowed us to improve the quality and amount of data collected for scientific purposes. As a result, the analysis of the archaeological stratigraphy, and especially the examination of structures and architectural elements, benefitted from a wider and more detailed collection of graphic data and information concerning the ancient site of Segesta. On the one hand, the use of terrestrial photogrammetric techniques, such as the so-called Structure from Motion (SfM), allowed us to obtain 3D models of the excavated area. At the same time, by using RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems) we started an up-to-date survey of the whole site. Using these new techniques, we were able to develop and improve the digital acquisition of data and create 3D models of the elements discovered and of the whole agora. Moreover,, thanks to the fundamental collaboration of the DreamsLab of the Scuola Normale Superiore, it was possible to achieve a virtual simulation of the public square of Segesta and of the most important buildings surrounding the agora. This virtual simulation of the agora in augmented reality, and the opportunity to visualize and utilize it within the Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE), will certainly make it possible to improve archaeological research and data dissemination, presentation and communication.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2014, 25, 175-188; doi: 10.19282/ac.25.2014.09

2014 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Un prototipo di Augmented Reality per la valorizzazione della villa romana di Torre di Pordenone (Friuli Venezia Giulia)

Matteo Frassine, Anna Nicoletta Rigoni, Alessandro Bezzi, Luca Bezzi, Giuseppe Naponiello

Abstract

In 2008 a new excavation project started in the archaeological site of the Castle of Torre di Pordenone (Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy), thanks to the efforts of the Municipality of Pordenone. During the archaeological campaign, a new rectangular building was discovered, in connection with the Roman villa already investigated in the 1930s. This building is divided into at least nine consecutive areas and the W side has a porticus supported by 8 pillars. Given the nature of the architectural elements, which are preserved in almost all cases at the foundation level, the Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Friuli Venezia Giulia (Nucleo Operativo di Pordenone), in cooperation with the Municipality of Pordenone and the Museo Archeologico del Friuli Occidentale, decided to test modern information technologies, in order to create a virtual tour, based on an accurate 3D reconstruction of the Roman building. The final prototype, developed for the project, has an Augmented Reality level that can be visualized through video-glasses (Head Mounted Display), thanks to the interaction with a high definition webcam and a tablet equipped with open source software.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2014, 25, 189-206; doi: 10.19282/ac.25.2014.10

2014 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Expérience de relevé par photogrammétrie en archéologie préventive

Mehdi Belarbi, Pascal Raymond, Nicolas Saulière, Régis Touquet

Abstract

Archaeological surveys apply to remains of various size and complexity. Our daily missions lead us to choose our means of planning with a great variation of scales. Up until now, at the Inrap, hand drawing and topography helped us conduct survey operations by recording brief amounts of information according to simplified geometric shapes. Computer evolution now offers solutions which allow us 3D acquisition by photogrammetry. They come as an additional topographic plan and can even replace our drawing of artifacts with accurate information which is not possible to achieve with traditional methods. 3D use makes representation easier in any type of projection. Free or with parameters, it simplifies the realisation of a global view by registering in the graphic chain as envisaged today. Taking measurements by traditional means requires much time which could be better used for study. Our approach which tends to dissociate the register of geometrics in the interpretation of remains, creates a more accurate frame¬work for the analysis. Archaeological artifacts also benefit from 3D acquisition advantages. Indeed, what generally defines archaeological drawing is the application of graphic standards in descriptive geometry. This review of the artifacts is a difficult exercise and modeling makes it easier. The illustrations obtained therefore constitute a reliable geometrically graphic basis on which observations and analysis results can be reported. We found that 3D acquisition by photogrammetry was a suitable and flexible solution to our activities. The richness and quality of these surveys are an asset for the analysis and storage of information. Moreover, the time invested in these projects is less than that used with traditional planning methods.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2014, Supplemento 5, 34-46

2014 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Bienfaits et limites d’un enregistrement lasergrammétrique dans la tombe à couloir de Gavrinis (Morbihan, France)

Serge Cassen, Valentin Grimaud, Laurent Lescop, Didier Morel, Guirec Querré

Abstract

Gavrinis, on the estuary of the river Vannes, is known for the extraordinary abundance of engravings preserved on the monolithic wall pillars. These engravings have of course contributed to the reputation of the site, to such an extent that the terms “temple” or “sanctuary” have spontaneously added themselves to the notion of sepulchral space which is generally applied to this family of Neolithic architecture. Our objective is to re-qualify these representations using a new frame of reference, based on a new corpus of engraved signs, including their architectural context and position in the volume of the rock. Recording of the topographical, archaeological, petrographic and acoustic data of the cairn and the passage grave provides a representation of both architecture and engraved (or painted) signs. Our survey involved re¬cording geolocational data (108 million points), with different scales of acquisition. Thus the whole cairn and surrounding ground were scanned using a time-of-flight camera. Then the walls of the tomb and the upper face of the cover slab were recorded with a second scanner with infra-millimetric resolution. Dif¬ferent software treating point clouds were tested to find the best tool for rendering the engravings using a graphic tablet. For the engraved signs on granite, a comparison of methods is proposed, showing the advantages and disadvantages of old techniques (stamping, tracing paper, polyethylene cellophane) in relation to new techniques (digital photographs, scanner 3D). There is no doubt that the scanner enables engravings to be reproduced with the exact relief of the rock, as well as in the architectural sequence of the monument. However, the precision of scanner recordings of surface lines on hard rock (sandstone) is no greater than that of digital photography with oblique lighting or digital image process revealing colors. The two methods are thus complementary.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2014, Supplemento 5, 47-59

2014 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

AFT: scannographie 3D appliquée à l’archéologie et au patrimoine

Jean-Baptiste Lemerle, Sébastien Varéa

Abstract

AFT is an expert land survey and topography office situated in the urban area of Rouen (Haute-Normandie). For about six years, its land surveyor and photogrammetric activities have allowed it to work on archaeological sites. A new department, named AFT Archaeology, is now in charge of taking topographical surveys in order to produce 3D models of the archaeological sites and historical monu¬ments. First, in this article we are going to describe the laser scan techniques, the kind of laser used and the information processing. Then, we are going to illustrate some applications on archaeological and historical sites and also some exceptional objects we scanned. These examples of what we are doing will be illustrated by a 3D model presentation, section and map. In a few words, this little introduction will aim to show the interest of laser digitisation and 3D modelling techniques: perfect digital copy, extremely accurate and exhaustive (up to 1/10e mm of precision), study support, evaluation support (3D presentation in museography, pictures for archaeological excavation reports, etc).

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2014, Supplemento 5, 60-76

2014 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Numérisation 3D du site de Saint-Syméon (Syrie)

Jean-Luc Biscop, Micheline Kurdy

Abstract

Despite the damage caused by earthquakes, the ruins of the Sanctuary of Saint-Syméon (Syria) still stand proudly in the landscape and constitute the distinct but complementary phases of the archaeological study of the monument. The French Archaeological Mission of Saint-Syméon-le-Stylite, carried out by the CNRS-UMR 8167 Orient et Méditerranée and largely funded by the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, has been committed to the 3D rendering of architectural drawings starting in the early 2000s, thanks to a partnership with the École Nationale des Sciences Géographiques. The 3D data acquired over the years give us an important platform on which to apply a working protocol established in the case of La Résidence, a civilian building in the village of Télanissos. A wide range of techniques was applied and used to create a digital model as a support for the navigation and the interactive management of documentary sources that have facilitated a hypothetical reconstruction of the building. The NUBES information system has been used to describe, analyse, document and share digital representations of this building. The main contribution of this work is the combination of archaeological assumptions with documentation methods, in a dynamic and multi-user perspective.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2014, Supplemento 5, 77-87

2014 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Applications 3D pour la contextualisation et le relevé d’art en grotte ornée

Eric Robert, Yves Egels, Elisa Boche, Magali Peyroux, Denis Vialou, Patrick Paillet, Daniel Vigears

Abstract

Among 3D tools, photogrammetry has received growing attention for the modeling of under¬ground spaces. The flexibility of its implementation and the wide field that it can cover encourage its use for recording decorated walls and their contexts. As part of a developing program ANR microanalysis on prehistoric art, 3D photogrammetry modeling were carried out in caves in Blanchard (Indre, France) and Rouffignac (Dordogne, France). I make quickly reference at two examples which are developed in article: 1) the numbering and analysis of the condition of the walls and the engravings; 2) localization in 3D pointcloud of archaeological data (paintings, prints, objects of flint or bone stuck into the wall) and links with different kinds of information about them (type, descriptions, dimensions, drawing, etc.). These applications illustrate the possibilities offered by current 3D tools in the study of rock art, and are sometimes new ways for the study of prehistoric representations in their geomorphological and archaeological context

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2014, Supplemento 5, 88-101

2014 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

3D en kit: des solutions pour la tracéologie et au-delà

Hugues Plisson

Abstract

3D recording and viewing are about to become a common function in consumer electronic equip-ment, while 3D modeling is still seldom used in archaeological research, even in sectors where it could bring a concrete improvement such as in use wear studies. A new type of expensive microscope has been proposed to laboratories for making 3D models from direct macroscopic and microscopic observation: the digital microscope. Claimed to cover a wide magnification range up to many thousands of times, it involves software and hardware solutions which are now available at low cost for updating our current equipment. Since digital technology is progressing very quickly, it is disputable to spend large amounts of money in closed instruments, which are quickly outdated, when cheap alternative modular solutions can fill the same need. These solutions are based on two complementary principles whose effectiveness depends on the magnification scale: photogrammetry and image stacking. Photogrammetry requires only photographic skill for the acquisition and appropriate software or on line services for modeling, while image stacking, beyond real size (1:1), involves additional accessories for recording and software in both steps. By combin¬ing photographic and microscope lenses it is possible to get a light and flexible combo for microscopic recording in the field, not only in 2D but also in 3D, when connected to a laptop or a smartphone. This paper reviews the affordable software and hardware solutions available at the end of 2012.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2014, Supplemento 5, 102-116

2014 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

L’utilisation des relevés scannographiques en archéologie du bâti médiéval: l’exemple de l’église de Veyrines (Ardèche)

Anne Flammin

Abstract

In building archaeology, the survey is the most important tool. It gives a global analysis of the building: its relative chronology, the building stratigraphy, the architectural techniques, etc. These elements indicate the progress of the construction site. A section of the “Archéométrie et Archéologie” laboratory (UMR 5138), managed by Prof. N. Reveyron, is specialized in building archaeology. Archaeologists, con¬fronted with the analysis of a building, often choose the manual survey, “stone by stone”. In 2010, the laboratory equipped itself with a LaserScan (Faro Photon 120) and software of processing point-cloud (Faro Scene and JRC Reconstructor) for surveys of medieval archaeology. Formerly unable to use this type of tool, the archaeologists of this laboratory received in situ training in the manipulation of the laser scanner and in the data processing. The goal of this acquisition was not to produce simple point-cloud surveys, but to cross the traditional technique (hand-sketch survey) with the lasergrammetry, in order to enrich the graphic documentation, which is the basis of any building archaeology analysis. It should document a building, improve the hand survey and facilitate the realization of new surveys, without the need for an often too-expensive scaffold. This article presents our methodology and the results obtained during building analysis of the Romanesque Church of Veyrines in Ardèche; it aims to demonstrate the potentials and the limitations of this technique of 3D acquisition, and to compare the needs and the technical solutions afforded by building archaeology.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2014, Supplemento 5, 117-127

2014 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

La 3D au service de l’observation archéologique et de son illustration scientifique

Sylvie Eusèbe

Abstract

Full graphic documentation finally seems within reach thanks to virtual 3D models of archaeo¬logical remains derived from digital photogrammetry or laser acquisition. Considered as a “must” in accuracy, precision, completeness and objectivity, digital models may be used independently of studies planned to be made on these media, unlike a traditional survey specific to the individual study in which it is included. If the technology is well developed, we still need to better distinguish between archaeological observations that are made usable with these digital models and those that are not in reference to direct ground studies. Moreover, in excavation reports and archaeological publications, these virtual models lead to the production of 2D images. Their novelty encourages experimentation by using different render¬ings, sometimes to the detriment of the scientific value of these images, which has to be guaranteed as a “classical illustration”.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2014, Supplemento 5, 128-136

2014 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Photogrammétrie appliquée à l’étude architecturale et archéologique, exemples de quelques chantiers récents en Égypte

Laurent Borel, Yves Egels, Emmanuel Laroze

Abstract

The application of photogrammetry in archaeology has developed greatly in the last ten years. A short while ago, the technique was confined to prestigious operations because it required sophisticated and expensive technical means. Nowadays, it can be used by all operators thanks to the increase in computer hardware and the development of specific software, such as those based on the close-range photogrammetric technique. The democratization in the use of these powerful, fast and accurate tools allows users to increase the number of surveys and opens, at the same time, new research perspectives. In addition, the ability to manage more data in a short time makes it possible to deal with new topics that were previously difficult to face, while their efficiency changes the standpoint and the interest on the subject. Nevertheless, such changes involve developing new intervention strategies and working methods. Photogrammetric processes have been implemented on three recent archeological programs in Egypt: the Tiberius Gate at Medamoud, the el-Nabih cistern in Alexandria, the Ayn-Soukhna charred boat. The efficiency and the interest of photogrammetric solutions have been tested on these various fieldwork contexts.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2014, Supplemento 5, 137-148

2014 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

La modélisation 3D de grands ensembles monumentaux de la restitution au public à la recherche scientifique

Bruno Dufaÿ

Abstract

This paper proposes an experimental feedback on the use of various forms of 3D restorations of monumental complexes. We refer in particular to a castle (Chinon) and a monastery (Saint-Cosme in La Riche, near Tours), two historic monuments that are the property of the General Council of Indre-et-Loire. 3D restorations are generally intended for the general public, but their interest also involves archaeological research, by allowing scholars to test hypotheses and visualize buildings in their original aspect. They also impose a synthetic vision of monumental large sets that are unevenly documented, and allow a better comprehension of their general organization and evolution. Whatever their objective is, they can have several levels of detail and can be associated with databases which supply further information. According to budget, extension, archaeological knowledge of the monuments to be modelled and the desired educational aim, solutions are diverse and can go from the simple model to the dumping in the virtual image, via various levels of detail. By foreseeing all the operational questions before launching a project of 3D restoration, it is possible to reach the intended goals at the lowest cost.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2014, Supplemento 5, 149-163

2014 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Immersia, an open immersive infrastructure: doing archaeology in virtual reality

Ronan Gaugne, Valérie Gouranton, Bruno Arnaldi, Georges Dumont, Alain Chauffaut

Abstract

This paper contributes to the cross-domain mutual enrichment between archaeology and virtual reality. We are presenting here Immersia, an open high-end platform dedicated to research on immersive virtual reality and its usages. Immersia is part of the European project Visionair that offers an infrastruc¬ture for high level visualisation facilities open to research communities across Europe. In Immersia, two projects are currently active on archaeological themes. One is relative to the study of the Cairn of Carn, with the Creaah, a multidisciplinary research laboratory of archeology and archeosciences, and the other concerns the reconstitution of the Gallo-Roman villa of Bais, with the French institute Inrap.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2014, Supplemento 5, 180-189

2013 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Dalla cartografia archeologica digitale al restauro virtuale: recenti casi di studio a Hierapolis di Frigia

Massimo Limoncelli, Giuseppe Scardozzi

Abstract

The paper concerns the recent research conducted at Hierapolis in Phrygia for the creation of the digital archaeological map of the city and surrounding necropolises, which is linked to a GIS. These activities have focused on updating the map with new data from systematic archaeological and topographical surveys, geophysical prospecting, aerial and satellite remote sensing, and from studies regarding the hydrogeology, geomorphology and seismic and tectonic characteristics of the site. In some cases, 3D reconstructions and virtual restorations of monuments are based on the data from this inter/multidisciplinary research on the ancient city. In fact, for several years now a project called Virtual Hierapolis has been in progress and has resulted in the production of 3D models of many monuments in the city, using data from stratigraphic excavations, archaeological and geophysical surveys, and art-historical studies. An example in this regard is the recent reconstructive study of the so-called South Bridge, a monumental viaduct/aqueduct-bridge, probably built in the first century AD, the remains of which are in a deep gorge to the South of the archaeological site. The survey and mapping of the monument, using differential GPS and robotic and motorized total station, have made it possible to obtain a detailed study and the production of 2D and 3D reconstructions.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2013, 24, 75-99; doi: 10.19282/ac.24.2013.04

2013 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Natural interaction in VR environments for cultural heritage: the virtual reconstruction of the Regolini-Galassi tomb in Cerveteri (with an Appendix by M. Sannibale and D. Pletinckx)

Eva Pietroni

Abstract

Etruscanning is a European project (Culture 2007) whose aim is to re-create and restore the original context of Etruscan graves. The main objectives are: digital acquisition, digital restoration, 3D representation and implementation of innovative VR environments related to Etruscan tombs and collections in European and Italian Museums. We focused on the Regolini-Galassi tomb in the Sorbo necropolis in Cerveteri, one of the most remarkable Etruscan graves. It was discovered still intact in 1836 and is famous not only for its rich contents but also for the objects showing the Orientalising influence. The finds from this tomb are kept in the Gregorian Etruscan Museum in the Vatican Museums and the empty grave at the site is not always open to public. By making 3D reconstructions of the tomb and the objects we can re-create the archaeological context of this Etruscan tomb. As the process of virtual reconstruction of the Regolini-Galassi tomb tries to visualize it at the moment it was closed, we needed to recompose the original placement of the objects and their ancient appearance. This was not easy as we had to reconsider some contradictory historical plans and iconographies (Grifi, Canina, etc.) and to answer some dif??cult questions. The Regolini-Galassi tomb was implemented in a VR environment and a permanent instal¬lation was presented in the Vatican Museums in April 2013. A key aspect is the development of natural interaction interfaces: visitors use body movements to explore the 3D space and to access contents without the need for any traditional interface. This solution not only makes the experience more engaging but also allows people of every level of skill to enjoy and learn. This embodiment constitutes a new frontier in the communication and learning processes and we believe that it represents a crucial element in museums.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2013, 24, 231-247; doi: 10.19282/ac.24.2013.11

2013 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Dal rilievo fotogrammetrico all'analisi dei dati. Il Progetto Shawbak

Pierre Drap, Djamal Merad, Julien Seinturier, Jean-Marc Boï, Daniela Peloso, Guido Vannini, Michele Nucciotti, Elisa Pruno

Abstract

In this paper we present an interdisciplinary project which is a work in progress towards a 3D Geographical Information System with a specific focus application on the Castle of Shawbak. The Shawbak archaeological project is a specific and integrated project between medieval archaeological research and computer vision done thanks a long-term cooperation between University of Florence and LSIS/CNRS Marseille. Focusing mainly on stratigraphical analysis of upstanding structures we conducted a survey using photogrammetry, both in a traditional way and using the most advanced techniques to obtain a dense map, and then a tool for statistical analysis. The photogrammetric survey is driven directly by archaeological data which is formalized by ontologies as a link between all the archaeological concepts which are surveyed. The 3D GIS is the last step of this chain and aims at the automatic production of 3D models through archaeological database queries: these 3D models are, in fact, a graphic image of the database and at the same time the interface through which the user is able to modify it and produce different kinds of analysis.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2013, 24, 329-340; doi: 10.19282/ac.24.2013.17

2013 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Nuove possibilità della fotogrammetria. La documentazione archeologica del nuraghe di Tanca Manna (Nuoro)

Andrea Fiorini

Abstract

With this contribution we want to show how acquisition, management and analysis of the three-dimensional component of archaeological data can improve the understanding of the formation of different contexts and, in particular, the construction history of a historic building. The introduction of a new generation of lighter and cheaper 3D laser scanners and the dissemination of web service, open source and low-cost software for digital photogrammetry have triggered a debate about their proper use in archaeology. Previous research has left a number of problems open and the proposed solutions cannot be considered yet fully satisfactory. In the first part of the article we will outline the limits of the current standards of archaeological documentation and describe the possibility of integration of these new tools into the operational practices, with particular emphasis on photogrammetry. In the second part we will propose an example of archaeological analysis of the Nuraghe of Tanca Manna (Nuoro) using unconventional methods and tools: a system of shooting on telescopic pole (featuring remote control of the camera to the ground and preview frame); the combined use of free cloud computing and commercial software for automatic modeling of architectural surfaces; a dedicated electronic procedure to document the wall stratigraphy and the shape of the structural elements on the 3D model; data management in a GIS environment; the use of PDF3D as standard format for the exchange and use of three-dimensional content. In conclusion, we will attempt to demonstrate the added value of this workflow compared to the normal operating procedure, emphasizing the versatility, speed of execution and the improved information content of final papers.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2013, 24, 341-354; doi: 10.19282/ac.24.2013.18

2013 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Il rilievo delle superfici tramite fotogrammetria 3D: dal microscavo dei complessi tombali agli scavi in open area

Cristiano Putzolu, David Vicenzutto

Abstract

The need for a quick methodology of 3D surface recording, sensitive to the timing of fieldwork, low cost, and suitable for both micro- and meso-contexts, has induced the writers to develop a standard procedure. It is now possible to obtain a dense x, y, z point cloud starting from the photographic coverage of a surface, respecting precise parameters of overlapping for the different photos picturing the scene, and calibrating the camera. The software used to generate the point cloud is PhotoModeler Scanner, chosen firstly for its internal module of camera calibration and correction algorithm of radial distortion, and secondly for its capacity to verify the position of the different frames and point clouds roto-translating in a known reference system. The key point of the procedure is the importing of the point cloud in a GIS environment, where a DEM is created with an interpolation algorithm. The resulting surface is in the same GIS environment of vector and raster themes documenting the excavation. The procedure was tested in two different case studies: a micro-context corresponding to Tomb 112, a cremation tomb in the Iron Age necropolis of Piovego (Padua, Italy), and a meso-context corresponding to the Late Bronze Age settlement of Gradiscje (Codroipo, Italy). In both cases, meaningful because different in scale stratigraphy and survey issues, it is clear how 3D survey and the subsequent modeling of the point cloud has been fundamental for the understanding of the archaeological record.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2013, 24, 355-370; doi: 10.19282/ac.24.2013.19

2013 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Cloud computing e fotomodellazione come integrazione della modellazione 3D per l’architettura storica. La chiesa di San Giovanni Evangelista in Ravenna

Simone Zambruno, Antonino Vazzana, Laura Buti, Marco Orlandi

Abstract

Historical architecture often features very detailed elements that are frequently characterized by complex ornamentation, such as capitals, vaulted arches, portals, mouldings etc. Modeling such highly detailed surfaces with traditional software packages can be a very difficult and time-consuming task, which often requires considerable skills and does not always ensure a strict adherence to the original object. This article discusses the combined use of two software applications to integrate traditional three-dimensional reconstructions of historical architecture and 3D models generated by semi-automatic photo-modeling. The case study is represented by a virtual reconstruction of the main structural changes undergone by the church of San Giovanni Evangelista in Ravenna, built by the Empress Galla Placidia in the 5th century AD. The aim of the study was to document the modifications made to this church over the centuries by means of a three-dimensional reconstruction that was chiefly created with the combined use of two open source software programs. Blender was used to recreate the main structures such as walls, apses, roofs and windows, and Autodesk 123D Catch was chosen to generate 3D textured models of the most detailed parts: capitals, portals, decorated columns. The success of this technique demonstrates that the use of a hybrid workflow can simplify the generation of complex shapes, increase the level of detail, and speed up the whole modeling process.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2013, 24, 371-377; doi: 10.19282/ac.24.2013.20

2013 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Il progetto ArcheO3D per una gestione tridimensionale dei dati archeologici. Una prospettiva open

Giuliano De Felice, Andrea Fratta, Cristiano Moscaritolo

Abstract

The ArcheO3D Project is an experiment of a methodology driven approach for the creation of 3D models of objects and archaeological finds. It allows the use of the models through simple and immediate means of online publishing and sharing. So far the project, which aims to develop digitization and publication of various classes of materials, has produced the first results for the management of architectural stratigraphies and metallic objects.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2013, Supplemento 4, 194-201

2012 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Il rilievo fotogrammetrico per nuvole di punti RGB della ‘sala triabsidata’ del sito archeologico di Aiano-Torraccia di Chiusi (SI)

Andrea Arrighetti, Marco Cavalieri

Abstract

Reconstructing the development of architectural complexes throughout time is often very difficult. Buildings are usually a series of constructive actions, changes from the original project, and collapses and reconstructions due to human actions (such as demolitions) and/or natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, etc.). The building’s structure records all these events, and by using a relief map gives us the chance to understand and decode them. The archaeological relief map is thus supposed to offer a complete and concise documentation. At the same time, it must be enriched with the additional information needed for a more detailed analysis of the archaeological object itself. In the last few years, the introduction and continuous improvements of many instruments (e.g. laser scanners and photogrammetric technologies) have led to a significant qualitative and quantitative change in the recording of material structures. In particular, the possibility of combining different relief technologies - obtaining high resolution, 3D geometrically correct models of buildings or of entire archaeological sites (which could be further investigated thanks to archaeological analysis or other procedures) - has modified the archaeological approach towards the material ‘datum’ and its divulgation. In order to acquire a better knowledge of contemporary technologies, the dissemination of different methodologies - through their application in research contexts - is the best way to transmit and compare them. This article is dedicated to the presentation and detailed analysis of a photogrammetric RGB point-clouds technology, used for the relief of a room during the archaeological excavation at Aiano-Torraccia di Chiusi (San Gimignano, Siena).

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2012, 23, 121-134; doi: 10.19282/ac.23.2012.07

2012 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Tecnologie fotogrammetriche e registrazione 3D della struttura materiale: dal rilievo alla gestione dei dati

Andrea Arrighetti

Abstract

In the last few years in Italy the scientific community has increasingly focused its interest on the documentation of Cultural Heritage. The evolution of relief and modeling technologies combined with an outstanding variety of software and hardware available on the market and online has allowed an increasing number of operators to produce three-dimensional models, to elaborate new reflections, studies and popular products. In the archaeological relief field, after an early preponderance of laser tools, interest has recently shifted towards photogrammetric tools, with a switch from stereo-photogrammetry to bundle reconstruction through commercial and open source software available online. In the field of Building Archaeology, the technological evolution has allowed us to continually set new goals, from the increasingly detailed three-dimensional recording of buildings, to the representation of realistic models of the construction phases and the demolition of the buildings over time. This article attempts to illustrate, through the presentation of some projects of the Laboratory of Building Archaeology of the University of Siena, the ‘mental structure’ existing before the material one, that is behind the recording of the construction characteristics of a building, by focusing on the factors that are at the base of the choice of a particular survey system and on the consequent possibilities in generating and managing three-dimensional models.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2012, 23, 283-298; doi: 10.19282/ac.23.2012.17

2012 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Scansione laser e ricostruzione digitale: il sito di San Severo a Classe (RA)

Alberto Urcia, Angela Montanari

Abstract

The site of San Severo is located between the cities of Ravenna and Classe, just a few kilometers from the Basilica of Sant’Apollinare in Classe, on the same road. In recent years the archaeological area has been the focus of scientific research by the University of Bologna and the Ravenna Antica Foundation, which is the main sponsor for the excavation activities, directed by prof. Andrea Augenti (Dept. of Archaeology of Bologna University). During the last two seasons of work and discoveries, we decided to develop a system to promote interest in this important site not only for specialists but also for the general public, by creating a virtual reconstruction of its historical background, starting in the 6th century A.D. Using a new robotic total station, we conducted a 3D digital survey of all the structures, and produced the documentation to do the modeling. By means of different kinds of software, we made a multiphase model which reveals the former splendor of this monument and allows users to navigate in it in a virtual and realistic way.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2012, 23, 311-325; doi: 10.19282/ac.23.2012.19

2012 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Relevés topographiques et modélisations 3D des parties hautes de la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres

François Fouriaux

Abstract

During the restoration work conducted on the original decoration in the heart of the cathedral of Chartres, the archaeological service of the city of Chartres conducted a series of surveys and made a study of the evidence left from the various phases of construction. A general overview of the masonry (vaults, high windows, and triforium) was completed by means of a research project and precise survey of the location of the putlog holes and the holes in the vault. From the detailed manual survey it was possible to create a complete three dimensional topographical plan and thanks to this data, to create a precise model of those parts of the cathedral showing the irregularities in construction like the width of the bays, the height of the vaults, the diameters of the rosettes, the height of the lancet windows. This set of information was georeferenced and compared to the architectural plan that had been drawn by J.-B.-A. Lassus (1807-1857) and published in 1842. This method allowed us to define and correct this latter document which turned out to be more a stylistic analysis than a precise topographical survey. The final report on this operation has not yet been completed but in this article we are offering a presentation of the methodology applied and the first results.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2012, Supplemento 3, 301-312

2012 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

L’utilisation de la restitution en trois dimensions au service archéologique de la Ville de Chartres

Cyrille Ben Kaddour

Abstract

Since 2005 the Archaeological Department of Chartres has conducted numerous activities in the metropolitan area and outside. One of the missions of the department is to present to the public the archaeological results using various media (articles in the city’s monthly magazine, newspapers, exhibitions, conferences etc.), in order to justify its activity. 3D modelling is a simple way to report archaeological observations and assumptions. Modelling tools have been applied to research on different periods (antiquity, middle ages and modern times), different scales: individual archaeological structures (kilns, graves, etc.), archaeological sites (Gallo-Roman villas and shrines, Merovingian hamlets, etc.) up to the size of a city. Virtual reconstructions can also be used to test scientific assumptions, particularly in architecture (Merovingian pit houses, for example).

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2012, Supplemento 3, 313-328

2012 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Application de la restitution 3D à l’archéologie préventive. Une tuilerie du XVIIe et XVIIIe à Grisolle (Aisne)

Bastien Lefebvre, Thierry Galmiche

Abstract

The use of virtual imaging in the framework of preventive archaeology helps us understand, describe and interpret the vestiges that one finds on the terrain. 3D reproduction has often been considered as a tool for data dissemination that is intended for the general public. Nevertheless, for several years now the new tools available allow us to optimize work on the terrain as well as asking new questions about the interpretation and consequently, creating new prospects for research. The archaeological services, whose main task is related to prevention, must deal with these requirements for understanding while at the same time facing time limitations. At the archaeology office of the Département of Aisne, we were able to create a process for 3D representation on a project concerning a modern tile factory. This work made it possible for us to confirm or invalidate the hypotheses and to offer new answers to questions which had not been brought up in the field during the research project. Virtual reality in preventive archaeology is supported by a potential that is as scientific as it is communicative and which archaeologists will have to deal with.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2012, Supplemento 3, 329-338

2012 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

L’apport de la 3D dans l’art préhistorique: analyse et restitution des images et de leurs supports, exemples croisés des sites de Blanchard (La Garenne) et la Marche

Eric Robert, Daniel Vigears, Nicolas Melard, Patrick Paillet, Denis Vialou, Yves Egels

Abstract

Analysis of prehistoric art is inseparable from the study of its supports, movable or on walls. Increasingly, this topic is included among the research aims of modern studies. The contribution of several techniques of restoration in 3D (scanner/laser, photogrammetry, microtopography, etc.) makes it possible to approach different graphic productions and their areas. Beyond the virtual modeling of wall, or decorated artifacts, it is interesting to make use of an adapted numeric support to incorporate and analyze natural, graphic and archaeological information (nature of area, engravings, paintings, flagged items, etc.). We propose here to make a comparison of each technique, to describe in detail its contribution and complementarity in the research of paleolithic art, using two examples. First, the Blanchard cave (Indre), now being studied as part of the MADAPCA research program subsidized by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche, second, the site of la Marche (Vienne).

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2012, Supplemento 3, 339-354

2012 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Un système d’information 3D pour l’archéologie du bâti: Showback. Le cas de Montréal (Shawbak, Jordanie)

Elisa Pruno, Michele Nucciotti, Pierre Drap

Abstract

The ‘Progetto Shawbak. Ricerca, conservazione e valorizzazione del Crac’ de Montreal is a multidisciplinary project conducted by the Florence University Chair of Medieval Archaeology. An important objective of the work, pursued with the collaboration of Dr. Pierre Drap, Chargé de recherche at CNRS LSIS UMR 6168, is the realization of a 3D archaeological information system to manage a big amount of textual and graphic data. For this reason we tried to create a system that could handle all archaeological data in a single database that allows us to connect the 3D information derived from photogrammetric surveys with other archaeological records. Showback system is being tested on some Shawbak castle upright structures, including the huge Ayyubid Palace and a second site at the gate wall, and it aims to achieve the production of 2D and 3D representations through the queries it answers. This approach can obtain 3D representations of issues (e.g. possibility to see the USM of a particular phase in all analyzed buildings of the site) as well as new archaeological analysis (the development of quantitative analysis on the use of materials, the possibility of obtaining chronological data of the bricks, etc.). Finally, this research has led the Italian-French team to discuss the physics and stratigraphic relations at the basis of the Harris matrix.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2012, Supplemento 3, 371-384

2012 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Prise en compte de l’imperfection des connaissances depuis la saisie des données jusqu’à la restitution 3D

Eric Desjardin, Olivier Nocent, Cyril de Runz

Abstract

By questioning the past, archaeological information is naturally prone to imperfection. Through a series of examples, we will briefly present its various aspects (inaccuracy, uncertainty, vagueness, conflict, lack) which can apply to time, space and function. The first stage consists in the identification, characterization and recording of imperfection in the archaeological information system. At the second stage, the question arises of how the imperfection of knowledge in archaeological hypotheses should be taken into account in terms of analysis, production and restitution. In the SIGRem project, we have chosen to resort to the Fuzzy sets theory. At a final stage, although the promotion through the media of results can nowadays be carried out by a 3D modeling, realistic reconstruct being very often confusingly perceived as truth, we tend to lose the richness of confidence levels we have in our knowledge. Therefore, we will also describe how visual paradigms can be used to enable dynamic perception of uncertainty in dedicated 3D virtual environments.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2012, Supplemento 3, 385-396

2012 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

From plan to volume: the need for archaeological analysis in 3D modeling

Jean-Claude Margueron, Jean-Olivier Gransard-Desmond

Abstract

Prior to 3D modelling, the volume of the remains of monuments was represented in two dimensions by means of drawings. The problem of analysing archaeological documents had already arisen with significant consequences on the final result, in particular when only the foundations of the structure had been found. Instead of an argued reconstruction, the reconstruction was an elevated projection of the plan drawn up by the excavator, the superstructure thus being merely a product of his imagination. Since then, the use of information technology has not changed the situation at all: the final document still lacks scientific value; the superstructure is still a product of the imagination. However, the authors point out, it could be obtained scientifically for any remains using the convergence of multiple indicators pointing in the same direction and towards the same conclusion.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2012, Supplemento 3, 397-410

2012 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

La réalité virtuelle: un outil pour la connaissance et la médiation scientifique. Application à la grotte Chauvet-Pont d’Arc (Ardèche, France)

Jean-Jacques Delannoy, Stéphane Jaillet, Benjamin Sadier

Abstract

Since laser scanning first appeared, 3D restitutions are used increasingly on decorated archaeological and rock art sites. This communication aims at presenting such restitutions (from field data collection to modeling) as applied to the Chauvet Cave. It addresses a diversified set of questions. We shall start with questions raised by karstologists, for whom 3D models represent the base of a geomorphologic pattern and are then used to model, as close to reality as possible, landscapes as they were at the time of the human occupation of the site. From then on, other fields will benefit from the model. Our challenge is to include in the final virtual reality output all the requirements of geomorphology, archaeology, and cultural mediation in order to render the extraordinary richness of the Chauvet Cave.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2012, Supplemento 3, 411-426

2012 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Archéologie sous-marine: relevé et réalité virtuelle pour l’étude de sites inaccessibles

Pierre Drap

Abstract

Underwater archaeology has to depend on reliable and precise readings with limitations of access sometimes requiring an analysis and data interpretation on the site. In order to create optimal study conditions, the production of a virtual facsimile was planned. As part of the VENUS (Virtual ExploratioN of Underwater Sites) project, a procedure combining photogrammetry and ontological definition of artifacts was elaborated. These objects, essentially amphorae, are numerically modelled and viewed from photogrammetric measures taken on the site. 2D and 3D reconstructions are then obtained in standard GIS format.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2012, Supplemento 3, 427-439

2011 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Principali tecniche e strumenti per il rilievo tridimensionale in ambito archeologico

Michele Russo, Fabio Remondino, Gabriele Guidi

Abstract

The increase of 3D acquisition and modeling techniques applied to archeology is due principally to (i) their capacity to survey archeological artifacts with high precision and a non-contact approach and (ii) the possibility to create 3D digital models useful for data analysis, simulation and preservation. These benefits in terms of knowledge oblige the contemporary archaeologist to acquire a better understanding of 3D acquisition and modeling principles and practice. This evidence arises from the necessity of adopting a common language for experts in 3D data management and archaeologists with the principal aim being the understanding of each other’s requirements and sharing of the purposes of the project. In this article the authors propose a concise but exhaustive explanation of the working principles of active and passive 3D acquisition techniques. For each one a description of instruments and methodologies is developed, pointing out pros and cons of every technique. In conclusion, a sensor fusion approach is presented as an interesting solution to increase the instrument performances while obtaining at the same time a quality improvement of 3D acquisition and modeling results. A final multi-resolution application about Pompeii Forum 3D modeling follows and closes the article.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2011, 22, 169-198; doi: 10.19282/ac.22.2011.08

2011 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Le "Terme di Elagabalo" sul Palatino: sperimentazione di un metodo fotogrammetrico 3D applicato allo scavo archeologico

Clementina Panella, Roberto Gabrielli, Cecilia Giorgi

Abstract

The mapping project of the so-called area of the "Terme di Elagabalo" on the north-eastern side of the Palatine hill is the result of a long term cooperative effort between the University of Rome "La Sapienza" and the Institute of Technologies Applied to Cultural Heritage of the CNR (ITABC). This site has been under excavation since 2007, under the scientific supervision of the Department of Methodology and Techniques for Archaeological Research of the University of Rome "La Sapienza". As part of this project, one of the doctoral theses is addressing the subject of the compound of the Severian Age present on the site, with the purpose of identifying the history and function of the monument, by understanding and analysing the structure of the walls. Masonry mapping is an essential element for the study and analysis of archaeological monuments. In this case, a new technique was introduced which is the 3D scattergram photogrammetry, developed by the research department of ITABC. This new monitoring technique provided graphic documentation such as plans, views and sections especially where the traditional method had limitations and therefore it is extremely useful for the archaeological analysis of monuments and their contexts. Furthermore an objective 3D rendering was produced, thus providing a new form of scientific documentation for a better understanding of the current state of the monument and also for further research and monitoring. The purpose of proposing a doctoral thesis on this subject was to educate and train a new breed of professionals in the area of technology applied to cultural heritage.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2011, 22, 243-260; doi: 10.19282/ac.22.2011.11

2010 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Ruderi riletti: approccio e problemi di modellazione tridimensionale nel sito archeologico di Monte San Martino (progetto SMaLL-Trentino sudoccidentale)

Enrico Cavada, Matteo Rapanà

Abstract

Modern 3D modeling techniques (e.g. laser scanning and photogrammetry) make it possible to create accurate, realistic and measurable digital 3D models of cities, buildings, terrains, artifacts and archaeological sites. The model of the Church of San Martino was created not only for the visualization but, in particular, for the study of the 3D application in archaeology and the comparison of the information provided by these techniques with data obtained by traditional techniques. The digital model of the church was created using a time of flight laser scanner. Besides this, HDR pictures were taken with a Kodak DCS ProSRL/n digital camera for the texturing of the 3D model and photo-realistic visualization. The 3D building was georeferenced using GPS data for the correct insertion into the surrounding Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Some operations in the lab (range data alignment, editing, mesh generation, geometric simplification and texture mapping) transformed the 3D data points into a complete 3D model (300 working hours). Precise measurements of distances, surfaces, thicknesses and volumes of the structures or architectural elements were performed. Particular elements were also recognized and emphasized thanks to the creation of the 3D model. These elements were inserted into a database according to their characteristics and this led to the generation of several 3D thematic maps (i.e. building phase maps or litho-topes). The integration of the digital model of the church into the DEM could be used for the clarification and understanding of settlement trends and territorial organization in the past.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2010, 21, 145-165; doi: 10.19282/ac.21.2010.07

2010 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

The Ancient Charm Project: new neutron based imaging methods for cultural heritage studies

Ralf Schulze, László Szentmiklósi, Zoltán Kis

Abstract

It has been shown in the frame of the Ancient Charm project that neutron based methods have a great potential for the investigation of cultural heritage objects. Several measurements on replicas and real objects have been performed, some still being under analysis. The main disadvantage of the 3D methods compared to their bulk counterparts is their reduced statistics, which limits sensitivity and increases the measurement time that is needed to get meaningful results. If one limits oneself to 2D space this drawback is reduced. As was shown for the 2D-PGAI the combination with a beforehand performed neutron tomography, together with some reasonable assumptions about the sample, can be used to deduce the 3D elemental distribution for not too complex objects. For relatively flat objects, like the belt mount that was shown here, the additional information obtained from a real 3D measurement may be negligible compared to the information gained from increased statistical significance. For the future the results of a full 3D scan of the real fibula and the 3D reconstruction from a NRT tomography can be expected.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2010, 21, 281-299; doi: 10.19282/ac.21.2010.16

2009 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

"Mura Bastia". Dati archeologici, informatizzazione e rilievi 3D laser scanning del Castello degli Onigo (Pederobba, Treviso)

Matteo Frassine, Alessandro Bezzi, Massimo Fabris, Vladimiro Achilli, Denis Bragagnolo

Abstract

This paper concerns computer applications for the management of archaeological data through GIS software, as related to the 2008 excavation campaign at “Mura Bastia”, Onigo (Treviso), Italy. The approach allows for the correlation of data previously acquired with those collected more recently using newer technologies. The shift from the traditional way of drawing archaeological records to the new digital technique began during the excavation of 2007. All of the walls and the layers were documented using a total station and a digital camera (photo-mosaic method). The elaboration of raw data was obtained using Free and Open Source Software only (GRASS, E-FOTO, GIMP, OPENJUMP, gvSIG). All of the new information levels (bi-dimensional raster and vector layers) were connected with the digitized plan of the old excavation into a GIS project that became the final product of the whole work. 3D terrestrial laser scanning surveys, integrated with classical topography and digital photogrammetric methodologies, allowed us to extract an accurate and photorealistic digital model of the Onigo castle. Moreover, a partial 3D virtual anastylosis of the tower was completed thanks to the reallocation of two missing elements in their correct position.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2009, 20, 351-372; doi: 10.19282/ac.20.2009.26

2009 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Baia: le terme sommerse a Punta dell’Epitaffio. Ipotesi di ricostruzione volumetrica e creazione di un modello digitale

Nicolai Lombardo

Abstract

Twenty-four years ago in Baia, at the North end of the Bay of Naples, a group of archaeologists began a series of surveys. Their work made it possible to reconstruct the topographic structure of the ancient city and the creation of the "Parco sommerso di Baia". This article shows, for the first time, the volumetric reconstruction of a thermal bath of the Imperial age. Starting from an accurate survey of surviving walls, two digital models have been created: the first one shows them in an underwater environment, as they were in the 1984; the second model integrates the missing parts of the walls and roofs. In Campi Flegrei and Baia numerous villas, spas and roads are hidden underwater. Discovering and protecting this historical heritage is essential for the planning of research projects including digital multi-level models, in order to make this knowledge accessible to everyone and to preserve its memory.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2009, 20, 373-396; doi: 10.19282/ac.20.2009.27

2009 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Un ambiente di realtà virtuale per l’interpretazione archeologica attraverso sistemi multi-utente on-line

Eva Pietroni

Abstract

The FIRB project, “Integrated Technologies of robotics and virtual environment in archaeology”, gives us the opportunity to experiment and create a multi-user domain on the web aimed at a multidisciplinary scientific community. The state of the art in this field is still in a pioneering stage because there are very few multi-user domains for sharing and exchanging cultural and scientific contents in the field of virtual heritage. The multiuser virtual environment is conceived as an open laboratory: a place where it is possible to compare the construction and validation of interpretative processes, to investigate new relations among data in space and time.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2009, Supplemento 2, 77-82

2009 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Ambienti collaborativi 3D. Il caso di Virtual Rome

Sofia Pescarin, Augusto Palombini, Luigi Calori, Antonella Negri

Abstract

Virtual Rome Project (www.virtualrome.it) has developed a VR Web-GIS application, with front-end and back-end on line solutions, for the interpretation, reconstruction and 3D exploration of archaeological and potential historical landscapes of Rome. The paper discusses the collaborative environment developed by the project for the back-end.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2009, Supplemento 2, 121-130

2009 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Progetto Ca' Tron: dalle indagini sul campo alla ricostruzione del paesaggio

Ivana Cerato, Valentina Vassallo

Abstract

The main object of the Ca' Tron project is the reconstruction of the archaeological landscape based on research results, using visual simulations as verification tools for the hypotheses. The interdisciplinary project offers a new approach aimed at illustrating the newly acquired knowledge, both in terms of scientific results and communication. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the solutions adopted for both data management (QuantumGIS) and in data publication and communication (VTP Enviro).

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2009, Supplemento 2, 153-159

2009 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Scanner 3D con hardware low cost e strumenti free/open source

Marco Callieri, Massimiliano Corsini, Guido Ranzuglia, Paolo Cignoni

Abstract

3D scanning technologies offer a lot of interesting possibilities for uses related to Cultural Heritage. Unfortunately, most of the current 3D scanning solutions are very costly and require a significant investment, both in terms of software and hardware. In this paper we discuss how to perform 3D scanning for the acquisition of Cultural Heritage objects using only low cost hardware and open source or free software tools.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2009, Supplemento 2, 175-182

2009 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Framework OS per la comunicazione storica e archeologica

Mauro Felicori, Marco Gaiani, Antonella Guidazzoli, Maria Chiara Liguori

Abstract

CINECA, for its applications dedicated to Cultural Heritage, has developed a visualization framework, Visman, which is used at present by three different projects: Certosa Virtual Museum; ARCUS and MUVI – Virtual Museum of Daily Life in Bologna.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2009, Supplemento 2, 195-207

2009 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

VIRO: un sistema per la navigazione assistita in ambienti virtuali

Bruno Fanini

Abstract

Navigation in virtual environments and web-based Virtual Reality applications plays an important role in user interaction, quality and level of content comprehension. ViRo system has been developed as part of the Virtual Rome Project, with focus on usability providing customizable aided navigation, adaptable to various 3D scenarios.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2009, Supplemento 2, 279-286

2009 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Cloud Manager v1.0: un’applicazione open source per la gestione delle nuvole di punti

Andrea Pozzi, Paolo Salonia

Abstract

Cloud Manager v1.0 is a web ASP application for basic manipulation of point clouds with or without RGB information embedded. It is intended as an easy tool for editing and attaching different point clouds to obtain a final unified 3D model through a reversible step by step semi-automatic process. Editing steps are manual, whereas attachment is semi-automatic.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2009, Supplemento 2, 301-308

2008 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

“Mura della Bastia” – Onigo di Pederobba (Treviso). Ricerche archeologiche, rilievo 3D laser scanning e anastilosi virtuale in un castello medievale del pedemonte trevigiano

Matteo Frassine, Guido Rosada, Massimo Fabris, Vladimiro Achilli, Denis Bragagnolo, Alessandro Bezzi

Abstract

The paper presents the results of the ongoing research coordinated by the Chair of Ancient Topography at the University of Padova. The work concerns the medieval site of “Mura della Bastia” in Onigo di Pederobba (Treviso), in the North-Eastern part of Italy. Historical information from written documents and results obtained from the archaeological investigation at the Onigo castle (1994-2007) are discussed. The study provided the historical reconstruction of recent collapses of the Onigo tower and allowed the virtual reconstruction of still-cohesive blocks, which had fallen down in 1989, and which were recovered during the summer of 2007. At this time, five of the ten building blocks have been positioned; the procedure was carried out by comparing the panoply of each agglomerate with the prospect of the tower, which was obtained from the photogrammetric rectification of the historical images (2D). The 3D survey of the tower and of nine blocks was performed with a Leica HDS 2500 laser scanner. The resulting point clouds were aligned with Cyclone software, also using the coordinates of some laser scanning targets, which were measured with the Leica TC 2003 total station in a local reference system. The final 3D model obtained by the co-registration of the scans was textured with the digital images acquired with a Canon EOS 1 ds Mark II camera. Subsequently, three of the five recognized blocks were positioned on the 3D model using Reconstructor software.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2008, 19, 293-321; doi: 10.19282/ac.19.2008.23

2008 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Antica rete idrologica di Petra. Studio e restauro nell’ottica della conservazione dei beni architettonici

Roberto Gabrielli, Andrea Angelini, Roberto Franchi, Pierre Drap

Abstract

The Petra monumental site is located on the left rim of the Rift Valley in central-southern Jordan. The entire valley, which is tectonic in origin, rests on Late Cambrian quartzarenite rock formations of continental origin. Past research conducted by our team has allowed us to identify the following main causes of the weathering processes: thermal expansion and shrinkage of rocks caused by the great differences in day and night temperatures contribute to the loosening of quartz grains that lead to the disintegration of the rock. Heavy rainfall and above all surface runoff contribute significantly to the removal of weathered materials from the surface. Other forms of decay are caused by the presence of salts along the fractures. Both fieldwork and laboratory analyses performed in the past in a climate chamber have demonstrated that the products usually used in conventional restoration work are not very effective, due to the “extreme” climate and the chemical and physical characteristics of the rocks. The project proposes the realization of a GIS aimed at acquiring complete knowledge of the man-made structures and hydraulic system underlying the routes of the canalisations and identifying the cisterns. This work is meant to contribute a valid support aimed at the restoration, which will involve several different disciplines, including the geological and chemical analysis of the rocks, the topography and the 3D photogrammetry.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2008, 19, 323-341; doi: 10.19282/ac.19.2008.24

2007 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Geometrical 3D laser scanner model of a Chalcolithic vessel (Gor, Granada, Spain)

José Antonio Esquivel, Inmaculada Alemán, Francisco Javier Esquivel

Abstract

The most recent computer technologies of 3D geometrical modelling provide a great array of tools for archaeological investigation. This paper presents an application of the 3D laser scanner to study the metric and morphometric parameters of a Chalcolithic pottery vessel based on a 3D meshed triangular model. This model is referenced geometrically by high-precision fitting to the real object, enabling the study of some of the most important archaeological characteristics with great accuracy (texture, damage, profiles, etc.) as well as a reconstruction of those damaged parts. The computerized model has been used to study the metric and geometric parameters of the vessel, applying different statistical tests to analyse the width of vessel and the variability of some constructive parameters. These analyses allow us to compute any measurement, such as the surface area of vessel, the center of masses, the volume, and the regularly spaced contour levels of the interior and exterior. The results indicate the skill of the potters of the Copper Age and their knowledge of some elementary mathematical concepts of geometry and metric.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2007, 18, 229-241; doi: 10.19282/ac.18.2007.11

2007 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

The princely cart from Eretum

Adriana Emiliozzi, Paola Moscati, Paola Santoro

Abstract

The authors present a detailed description of the project of the virtual reunification and recontextualisation of the grave goods found in a tomb of the Sabine necropolis of Colle del Forno, which held a princely burial: archaeological research, technical analyses, restoration, 3D reconstruction of the cart found inside the tomb and of its bronze decoration, and virtual reconstitution of the grave goods – constituted both by local products and objects imported from the Orient, as well as by two wheeled vehicles: a cart and a chariot) – in the framework of their original archaeological and cultural context. Besides a DVD, which shows a video at the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in the room containing the exhibition of the cart and other objects from the tomb, a web site has been created (http://www.principisabini.it/): the web visitors can reconstruct the history of the discovery, walk through this 7th-6th century BC tomb, see the structural and functional mechanisms of the cart in action, and enjoy this Italic masterpiece.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2007, Supplemento 1, 143-162

2007 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

High quality digital acquisition and virtual presentation of three-dimensional models

Roberto Scopigno, Paolo Cignoni, Claudio Montani

Abstract

Detailed and accurate digital 3D models can be produced with 3D scanning devices, which allow to convert reality in digital form in a cost and time effective manner. The capabilities of this technology and the global methodology are presented here in a synthetic manner. Moreover, we focus on the main issues which are preventing its wider use in contemporary applications, such as: the considerable user intervention required, the usually incomplete sampling of the artifact surface and the complexity of the models produced. Another emerging issue is how to support the visual presentation of the models (local or remote) with guaranteed interactive rendering rates. Some practical examples from the results of current projects in the cultural heritage field will be shown.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2007, Supplemento 1, 163-179

2005 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Tecniche laser scanner per il rilievo dei beni culturali

Daniela Peloso

Abstract

Laser scanner technology permits a rapid elaboration of digital models of surfaces and complex geometries which would be impossible to survey with traditional topographic instruments. It therefore represents the proper technology for surveying archaeological sites and objects of Cultural Heritage. In this paper the characteristics of different commercial instruments are described and their different resolutions in the acquisition of the coordinates and in measuring reflection. The presentation of some practical examples now gives us the opportunity to describe the operative process of 3D restitution from planning and performing the survey up to the development of specific procedures for the elaboration of data.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2005, 16, 199-224; doi: 10.19282/ac.16.2005.11

2004 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Realtà virtuale, beni culturali e cibernetica: un approccio ecosistemico

Maurizio Forte

Abstract

The revolution of digital technologies in the past has focused attention mainly on the technical power and not on the semantic level of informative and communicational aspects. In the field of virtual heritage the risk was/is to enhance the amazing esthetic features despite the informative/narrative feedback and cognition within the virtual worlds. How much information can I get from a virtual system? How does it communicate? How can we process this kind of interactive information? The importance of the virtual reality systems in the applications of cultural heritage should be oriented towards the capacity to change ways and approaches to learning. The Virtual communicates, the user learns and creates new information. Typically we define as linear learning, tools and actions, such as books, audio guides, catalogues and so on (in this case the communication is a linear sequence), and reticular learning VR systems where the user is immersed within reticules of information and visual data. In this paper we try to analyse the relations between virtual reality, cultural heritage and cybernetics according to an ecological approach.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2004, 15, 423-448; doi: 10.19282/ac.15.2004.26

2004 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Digital spaces: Pompeii, the Internet, and beyond

Michael Andrew Anderson

Abstract

The emphasis of archaeological communication is no longer simply text on paper, but has moved on to encompass the expression of space and visibility. This paper discusses these new phenomena from the perspective of two recent projects, both of which presented spatial research material for dissemination on the World Wide Web. The first created a QuickTime virtual reality of Pompeii, Regio VI, and the second used an Internet based game engine to create a real-time virtual reconstruction of a Pompeian house. The paper also examines issues central to the integration of academia with the Internet and computing technology such as the advantages and disadvantages of using proprietary software and the opportunities and responsibilities presented by communication in the global community.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2004, 15, 449-464; doi: 10.19282/ac.15.2004.27

2003 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Archeologia virtuale e supporti informatici nella ricostruzione di una domus di Pompei

Daniela Scagliarini Corlàita, Antonella Coralini, Antonella Guidazzoli, Tullio Salmon Cinotti, Giuseppe Raffa, Luca Roffia, Carlo Taboni, Maurizio Malavasi, Fabio Sforza, Erika Vecchietti

Abstract

The 'domus del Centenario' is one of the largest houses in Pompei, and the focus of a far-reaching project of study and valorisation, based on an agreement between the Soprintendenza Archeologica of Pompei and the University of Bologna (Department of Archaeology). Its aim is to experiment with the use of a virtual reconstructive model to better contribute to both research and instructional aspects. An approach to build virtual environments for education in archaeology is described, in which many actors are involved. The required equipment, the professional skills and the related job planning issues are discussed. Virtual Archaeology products may be directed through many channels. Virtual sets, where real actors play in virtual reconstructions, offer new education opportunities to a large audience. PDA based interactivity enhances user-centric communication. The purpose of this paper is also to discuss a user-centric multichannel system, providing access to Virtual Archaeology based contents, both on-site and off-site; while the information base is shared, the interface devices are channel-specific and are calibrated to the fruition context. The system is called MUSE and is developed by a private company (DUCATI SISTEMI S.p.A.). The key system component is Whyre, an interactive and mobile device, designed to act as a personal virtual guide and to provide knowledge through words and images, on-site. Whyre technology is hidden behind its interface and shape: it carries inside a tiny PC-like computer equipped with a 3D-graphics accelerator and augmented with location detection sensors. It is wireless connected to a site server and is context-aware, so that only location and context relevant contents are submitted for the visitor's attention. The display size is 6.4 inches and its resolution is 640x480 pixels. Several types of Virtual Archaeology based contents may be displayed. The paper reviews the Whyre architecture as well as the context production framework for the entire multichannel system. Eventually a visit experience with Whyre in Pompei, from Porta Marina to the 'domus del Centenario', is described, and the impact of delivering location-specific contents originated by virtual archaeological reconstructions is discussed.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2003, 14, 237-274; doi: 10.19282/ac.14.2003.11

2001 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Virtual reality for archaeological explanation. Beyond "picturesque" reconstruction

Joan A. Barceló

Abstract

In this paper, a general framework for using Virtual Reality techniques in the domain of Archaeological Visualisation is presented. It is argued that “visualising” is not the same as “seeing”, but is an inferential process to understand reality. A definition of Enhanced Reality is also presented, and how visual models can be used in order to obtain additional information about the dynamic nature of historical processes and archaeological data.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2001, 12, 221-244; doi: 10.19282/ac.12.2001.12

2001 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Documenting and validating Virtual Archaeology

Nick Ryan

Abstract

The use of Virtual Archaeology is expanding rapidly, not only in the museum and archaeology professions, but also in the broadcast media, tourism and heritage industries. Many concerns have been expressed about the lack of transparency and difficulty in validating the models and presentations used in these contexts. A case study is used to illustrate the role of metadata in addressing these problems. The paper argues that appropriate metadata documentation of projects may extend the critical apparatus that we take for granted in scientific papers into the world of distributed Virtual Archaeology. Three recently introduced XML languages for multimedia (SMIL), vector graphics (SVG) and virtual reality (X3D) applications are examined with particular reference to their metadata hosting capabilities. Finally, an outline proposal for a Virtual Archaeology Metadata Profile and Schema is presented, based on refinements of the Dublin Core and other metadata schemas.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2001, 12, 245-273; doi: 10.19282/ac.12.2001.13

2000 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Rilievo, monitoraggio geometrico e rappresentazione di strutture a cupola

Cinzia Bacigalupo, Luciano Cessari, Gabriele Fangi

Abstract

Analysis and geometric measurement represent the main diagnostic tool to define the state of conservation of historic buildings and to plan their restoration. In the case of complex structures, the accurate monitoring and survey of the morphology aid in understanding the static situation in relation to the original design and materials used. This information is fundamental for the generation of virtual models and for simulating the evolution of deviations. This paper presents the results of a survey of two Islamic domes in Samarkand (Uzbekistan) which suffer from serious static problems. The integration of the different methods of survey performed with laser distantiometers, traditional geodetic instruments and digital photogrammetric techniques has been found to be vital in order to accurately reproduce the geometrical pattern of these structures. We obtained dimensional and geometrical measurements of the thickness of the walls, the morphologic defects, the variations of the axes and of the supporting surface of the domes. All of the geometric data, obtained in continuous form, was then used for the digital reconstruction and 3D simulation of the domes.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2000, 11, 191-197; doi: 10.19282/ac.11.2000.10

2000 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

La modellazione virtuale per l'architettura antica. Un metodo verso l'isomorfismo percettivo

Davide Borra

Abstract

This paper deals with the problem of virtual modelling for ancient architecture. After examining the different roles played in the project management of a virtual model - the scientific tutor, the modeller and the communicator - the representation of the modelled object is designed according to different detail levels (formal, operational and aesthetic), with emphasis on their dynamic and interactive features. The paper then describes the operational steps for creating a virtual model and considers, in particular, how this may be applied to the study of ancient architecture, examining what this use implies in general, from an operational point of view and as far as the dissemination of knowledge is concerned.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2000, 11, 259-272; doi: 10.19282/ac.11.2000.14

2000 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

A proposito di Virtual Archaeology: disordini, interazioni cognitive e virtualità

Maurizio Forte, Roberta Beltrami

Abstract

What is Virtual Archaeology (from now on abbreviated as VA) really? And what is virtual? In a period of great technological-digital evolution in all scientific fields, it is even more important to try to decipher, monitor and critically describe the state of the art, with particular attention to those interdisciplinary areas which will represent the avant-garde of future research. The great communicative impact that archaeology offers in itself is greatly enhanced by the possible digital interfaces and by the comprehensibility that these provide for much more than the scientific community. Therefore, considering what has been noted in this overview and what will be discussed below, VA can be defined as digital reconstructive archaeology, computational epistemology applied to the reconstruction of three dimensional archaeological ecosystems, therefore, cognitive ecology. The epistemological aspect is essential in the assessment of computational processes and therefore, in archaeological activity. To the out-going elaboration one must increase the cognitive significance of the in-going data (“augmented” reality). The context is cognitively greater than the sum of its components and we must identify the “environment” of the VA in a structuralist sense. In the assessment of the application of VA therefore, an epistemological measurement is essential; if, in fact, we try to “measure” the cognitive quality of models there is a risk of completely destructuring the information in respect to the context. Moreover it is evident that virtual space, in the archaeological dimension, must be contextualised and hierarchically restructured in order to allow for the identification of the logical units of information in the geometry of the models; theoretically one should “undo” and “redo” the context to completely verify the geometric and functional system. Key words might be 3D, interaction, virtual models, and other variables described in the text.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 2000, 11, 273-300; doi: 10.19282/ac.11.2000.15

1999 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Reconstructing a fossil landscape by Remote Sensing and GIS applications: sites, virtual models and territory during the Middle Bronze Age in the Po Plain (Northern Italy)

Mauro Cremaschi, Maurizio Forte

Abstract

This paper illustrates preliminary results of the research project “An inventory of the Terramare in the central Po plain: physiographic context, stratigraphic and structural characteristics, state of preservation”, part of the Cultural Heritage Special Project, promoted by Italian National Research Council. The project involves GIS and remote sensing applications in order to integrate different 2D-3D georeferenced data (sites, excavations, surveys, landscape and territorial data) such as: a) raster data (aerial photographs of different periods starting from 1950, regional cartography, DEM); b) vector data (cartography, thematic layers, archaeological sites, etc.); c) a DEM created by cartographic contour lines and using a total laser station on the ground; d) alphanumeric data (excavation databases, territorial databases). The methodological approach has been to represent and analyse archaeological data from micro-scale (intra-site) to macro-scale (inter-sites), in particular exploring the perspectives of 3D GIS visualisations. Attention was therefore concentrated on the topographical reconstruction of microrelief in relation with the aerial photos (of different periods) used as textures, geomorphological features and archaeological data. We can define this kind of processing as a visualisation of an invisible landscape, as much more information can be retrieved from the terrain than using traditional techniques (aerial photo-interpretation, survey, etc.); in many cases this is very useful in order to help plan an excavation. Regarding the acquisition and processing of multi-temporal, multi-layer and multi-dimensional data, this research deals with a large-scale detailed study of the data collected by topography, but enhanced by surveys and acquisition of data on the ground. In fact one of the main tasks of our project is the creation of detailed models on the basis of the microrelief.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 1999, 10, 207-225; doi: 10.19282/ac.10.1999.15

1998 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Immagini satellitari e modelli virtuali: interpretazioni geoarcheologiche della regione del Sistan meridionale

Maurizio Forte, Paolo Mozzi, Massimiliano Zocchi

Abstract

The main target of the Sistan Project is the reconstruction of the prehistoric archaeological landscape, beginning from multispectral satellite data. In order to draw a new map (historical, cartographic and geological) of Southern Sistan, a TM image of Landsat 5 satellite was used, with a resolution of 28.5 mt per pixel, including 7 spectral bands. By comparing geological features with the position of archaeological sites in the prehistoric age, and processing this digital data, new information have been obtained and hypothesis proposed for the ancient population of the region. In particular, DTM (Digital Terrain Model) reconstruction, multispectral classification (raster data) and vector integration of data (archaeological sites, terraces, geomorphological features, contour levels), have allowed us to visualise a complex and dynamic model in 3 dimensions. For this aim virtual reality techniques (not immersive) have been used: on a workstation, the user can explore in 3D the landscape model in an interactive way, navigating through the digital data and choosing different perspectives and points of view. Moreover, it was also possible to process at the same time multidimensional information, such as the altimetrical model, unsupervised classification, natural spectral color, different spectral bands, vector data and so on.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 1998, 9, 271-290; doi: 10.19282/ac.9.1998.13

1997 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

The virtual restitution of the mesoamerican site of Cacaxtla: a methodological point of view

Geneviéve Lucet

Abstract

Besides allowing the visualisation of architecture from the past through the use of images, either virtual or real, virtual restitution in architecture implies the use of analytical methodologies that serve the purpose of a better understanding of architectural space as well as its genesis. The restitution contributes both to the process of building an appropriate tridimensional model adequate for multiple uses, and to the output of new information as the restitution process develops. In the present work, the applied methodological approach is discussed in relation to a virtual restitution of the Mesoamerican archaeological site of Cacaxtla leading to an idealisation of its original condition.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 1997, 8, 129-138; doi: 10.19282/ac.8.1997.09

1996 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Il progetto ARCTOS: verso un GIS multimediale

Maurizio Forte

Abstract

The ARCTOS project (Visualization and Virtual Reality methodologies for a cognitive system on a archaeological Sicilian pattern) has been carried out by CINECA (Interuniversity Consortium for Supercomputing Applications) and the Scuola Normale Superiore (Pisa, Laboratory of Ancient Topography) with the support of IBM SEMEA, in order to study the archaeological site of Rocca di Entella (Palermo). This is an important archaeological multistratified site dating back to the Neolithic through to the medieval period; in particular, 13 archaeological areas have been investigated in the last years. Rocca di Entella can be described as a separate geomorphological space 60 ha wide; for every chronological phase the structures discovered show different features, such as buildings, materials, functions and uses. To analyse these complex layers of information, data was processed in 2D and 3D format so as to visualize the scientific content; in particular, it was important to allow the users to move in real time into virtual spaces, such as archaeological landscapes. We think that interactive 3D perception is fundamental for our cognitive system as it allows us to understand all the features of the archaeological landscape and the inter- and intra-site relationships.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 1996, 7, 179-192; doi: 10.19282/ac.7.1996.14

1996 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Résultats préliminaires d'un projet de reconstitution 2D et 3D de structures d'habitats préhistoriques par le logiciel de gestion d'objets graphiques ArcInfo

François Djindjian, Lioudmila Iakovleva, François Pirot

Abstract

Preliminary results of a project for the reconstruction of a mammoth bone paleolithic dwelling are discussed. The graphical object management software package ArcInfo was used to create two different databases: the first one, for the bone icone database, the second one for the identification and localisation of bone architectural artifacts, extracted from the excavation books and graphical plan drawings. The potential of the system for understanding the dwelling architecture through 2D visualization and 3D reconstruction is discussed.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 1996, 7, 215-222; doi: 10.19282/ac.7.1996.16

1996 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Shape from motion: dalle sequenze filmate alla modellazione tridimensionale. Progetto per l'elaborazione 3D di immagini video archeologiche

Maurizio Forte, Antonella Guidazzoli

Abstract

The recording of archaeological data during excavation and their description is a fundamental question for visualization and processing. Typically, this acquisition of data includes conventional 2D drawings, photos, graphic reproductions and videos. Further, we must also consider that for reconstructing the archaeological context (monuments, buildings, stratigraphic layers) it is very important to describe the 3rd dimension. The processing and visualization of 3D information may be considered as a virtual research lab, in which it is possible to recreate all the phases of excavation. In order to obtain these results, we have implemented the Shape from Motion Project, for modelling and 3D reconstruction of digitized and calibrated analogies video data. The project has been undertaken as a scientific partnership between CINECA, CALTECH (California lnstitute of Technology, USA) and AIACE (International Association of Computing in Archaeology

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 1996, 7, 223-232; doi: 10.19282/ac.7.1996.17

1996 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Archaeological building reconstruction and the physical analysis of excavation documents

Cornelius Steckner

Abstract

Visual information is not only a source for multimedia applications. Every mapped but also represents a location in 3D space. So any bit-mapped visualisation of a surface also represents the 3D hull of an object. Therefore visual information is a source to rescore the shape of physical solids from their "envelopping" closed surfaces, and serves as the information needed to reconstruct buildings and their related artefacts. In respect of 3D surface measurement, a "virtual reality" is understood as a virtual solid in its original size to be measured and analysed. These measurable world object simulations represent the information of form to shape three-dimensional things. These are not brought to physical existence, but represent measurable solids to analyse statistically controlled properties with their related and following functions. From the photograph of a broken amphora the body is completed to calculate its weight and volume and even the fitting shape of the boat to transport a load. Of course the same model of extrapolation applied to buildings will not focus the statics of buildings but the environmental building physics and its following functions.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 1996, 7, 923-938; doi: 10.19282/ac.7.1996.78

1995 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

La modellazione tridimensionale del documento archeologico: livelli descrittivi e processamento digitale

Antonio Gottarelli

Abstract

In describing graphics description with electronic tools, solid modelling is the application in which several techniques (2 and 3 dimensional CAD, image processing, animation) act together. Solid modelling is therefore a very important topic, both from methodological and practical aspects. This paper deals with the process of generating a digital model, and discusses the following statements: A. The analysis of archaeological evidence is based on the description of a real (and therefore continuous) and complex space through the identification and coding of its components; this activity is then undertaken through a modelling process. The models used for the analysis must have at least the basic requirements for the electronic description of the objects: a quantitative requirement – to be able to describe numerically and analytically the objects in space (vector data); a qualitative requirement – to able to describe their physical/optical features (visual/raster data); a synthesis requirement – to be able to consider the codes and the rules of union of the components (text and topological data). B. The data collected have to be acquired, worked out and edited coherently with the need of their subsequent use within the software devoted to the virtual elaboration of the shape (i.e. the sample rate must be the same during the acquisition of visual and numerical data ). C. The electronic reassembly of the shape must take into consideration all the different levels used in the coding, in order to have both a topographic and topological description of the object.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 1995, 6, 75-103

1995 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Tra archeologia e realtà virtuale: verso l'archeologia virtuale

Alessandro Sarti, Maurizio Forte

Abstract

The research activity developed at the Scientific Visualization Laboratory of CINECA (Interuniversity Computing Center, Bologna, Italy), concerning the virtual navigation of archaeological landscapes, has produced important results in archaeological data visualization. We have implemented the application of virtual reality in the archaeological field relating to archaeological landscape exploration, archaeological site visualization, and ancient topography reconstruction. The virtual navigation is not full immersion but uses the 3D Crystal Eyes System, an ultrasound tracking system with six degrees of freedom. The system runs on an Indigo SG Extreme workstation. Some of the data was processed prior to visualization using GRASS GIS with a 3D viewer module

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 1995, 6, 105-118

1994 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Tecniche digitali e di visualizzazione in geoarcheologia: il caso di studio della terramara S. Rosa di Poviglio (Re)

Mauro Cremaschi, Andrea Ferretti, Maurizio Forte

Abstract

S. Rosa terramara, which measures 7 hectares, is a Middle and Recent Bronze age site, excavated since 1984. Cooperation between archaeologists and geologists has made it possible to experiment with the comparative analysis of computer image processing of the aerial photos, integrated with the detailed study of a DTM (Digital Terrain Model), in particular in relation to the geopedological and geoarchaeological interpretation of the site. The integration of two kinds of data, aerial photographs and a DTM, has been complemented by the texture mapping of the aerial photo overlaid on the corresponding 3D model. Significant ranges in the pixel distribution in the digital aerial image identified four main areas; any area presents particular digital features. For example, the digital features of the small village are very different from the characteristics of the large and more recent village. The digital classification of these areas identified the following: area 1, alluvial sediment (posthumous) which hides part of the earthwork; area 2, the nucleus of the small village; area 3, the diking of the big village; area 4, a Roman villa (another posthumous event). The final interpretation, after processing, distinctly shows the formation of natural (vertisoils) and artificial deposits (earthworks). In particular in the north-western area of the aerial photograph the interruption of the diking means that in that point the structures are buried because of a flood. Moreover, it results that the two villages are separated by a large ditch. On the basis of these results it has been possible to reconstruct the evolution of the site and of the environment in different periods: 1) the site before the Bronze age; 2) the terramara in the Middle Bronze age; 3) the terramara in the Recent Bronze age; 4) the site in Roman age; 5) the site in Medieval age. The computer processing, integrated with the aerial photo-interpretation, shows an important series of data not obtainable through traditional techniques. The construction of the DTM, the texture mapping and the digital image processing have clearly enhanced the shape of the structures of the terramara as well as the stratigraphical excavations. This also resolves the problems which emerged in the aerial photo interpretation. In particular, the interruption of the earthwork of the big village in the northern area seems connected with the burial of part of the anthropic structures, after the abandonment of the terramara. In conclusion, the computer image processing, together with the DTM and the texture mapping of the site, is an exportable tool, useful for an evaluation of the state of preservation of the Bronze age deposits in the Po valley. These results were obtained without excavation, using only simple stratigraphical surveys on the ground.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 1994, 5, 305-316

1993 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Un esperimento di visualizzazione scientifica per l'archeologia del paesaggio: la navigazione nel paesaggio virtuale

Maurizio Forte

Abstract

Computer simulation of natural phenomena is one of the most attractive and modern subjects for image synthesis. Simulation is the result of many processes, computed with mathematical models, which can be visually represented on a graphic screen. The synthetic image of the model generated can then be compared with other available information, and thus the image becomes an instrument for furthering knowledge. Two problems exist in the visual simulation of natural environments and 3D navigation. The first one is the construction of a reliable and detailed Digital Elevation Model (DEM or Digital Terrain Model, DTM); the second one, closely tied to ambient simulation, is terrain rendering, that is, the reproduction of the colour vision in the observer. DTM’s can be generated from isoliner or regular point data, using classical models (linear interpolation and Kriging) or fractal models (Brownian interpolation). In this example the aim is to create a landscape model (including archaeological sites) using a DTM and satellite or aerial images; these applications involve the following steps: acquisition of isolines from cartographic maps at any reasonable scale; DTM generation; digital image classification to determinate the pixel distribution map for the DTM; image synchronization (digital aerial photographs or satellite images synchronized with the DTM); texture mapping and generation of 3D images. In practical terms, the texture mapping involves the overlaying of the original image point by point on the DTM: the result is a realistic and significant landscape 3D image. This kind of simulation is especially useful to enhance the geomorphological characteristics of the landscape in connection with its evolution and the ancient settlement. Inside the image the researcher can move, navigate and explore, as in the real world. The example described concerns the Etruscan town of Marzabotto in the Reno Valley (Bologna). A realistic and representative 3D image was achieved which includes important topographical and geomorphological information about the archaeological site and the Reno Valley, the natural resources, and the correlation between the Reno river and the Etruscan town. A digital vertical aerial photography was overlayed on the DTM of this area, generated from cartographic isolines and contour lines. The processing consists of different steps: the first one is the digitisation of the aerial photograph (scale 1:30.000), in order to create a numeric input for part of the Valley of Reno, including the archaeological area and the DEM model with a topographical sample. The aerial photograph was digitised using a CCD camera and converted into a numeric format in raster file (RGB 24 bit plane, resolution 595 x 394 pixels). It was aligned with the DEM model using a regular grid with a resolution similar to the one of the digital image. Special hardware (SGI workstation) was used for the final rendering; the polygon rendering did not follow the usual texture mapping technique, but instead a geometric texturing was produced (one polygon per pixel). This technique allows a lower sampling noise (antialiasing) without heavy software interpolation. In this way the only problem is related to the dependence on the graphic library GL which is implemented either on a Silicon Graphics or RISC 6000 IBM platform.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 1993, 4, 137-152

1992 Open Access Article Download PDF BibTeX

Archeologia e tecniche di eidologia informatica

Antonella Guidazzoli, Maurizio Forte

Abstract

The digital image processing technique is a complex computational tool which allows the powerful extraction of relevant information from digital data. A research project has been developed at CINECA (InterUniversity Supercomputing Center, Bologna) in cooperation with the University of Rome “La Sapienza”, in order to produce specific image processing tools for archaeological applications. The application fields are: digital analysis of aerial photographs; remote sensing; automatic classifications; automatic drawing; Digital Elevation Models (DEM); texture mapping; 3D landscape navigation.

«Archeologia e Calcolatori» 1992, 3, 37-76